长三角典型村域次降雨条件下氮素非点源输出特征

研究长三角典型都市农业村镇不同土地利用下的氮素非点源输出特征,以期为治理该区域的面源污染提供科学依据.通过典型次降雨径流事件中氮形态和输出负荷变化的研究发现:监测点总氮(TN)的事件平均浓度(EMC)为20.01～22.83mg/L,其中溶解态氮(DN)占TN的比例最大;研究区非点源氮流失以溶解态为主,DN又以溶解态有机氮(DON)为主.耦合各形态氮浓度与径流量特征,发现非点源氮素输出呈现2个峰值,且出现在径流峰值之前4～55min;TN、DN和硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度随降雨时间增加呈现减少趋势;氮素负荷受其浓度和径流量的共同作用,基本上呈现与氮素浓度相同的变化特征,但起伏变化较为平缓.氮素污染负荷积累曲线分析表明,村域地表径流各形态氮素均存在初期冲刷效应.     

不同生物载体模拟河道反应器的微污染水源水修复研究

分别以弹性填料和AquaMats生态基为载体,比较了2组模拟河道生物反应器启动过程及其修复微污染水源水性能.结果表明,在间歇曝气与逐步增强曝气强度的挂膜启动方式下,悬挂弹性填料的模拟河道反应器运行50d即启动完成,其高锰酸盐指数、氨氮去除率分别高达78.2%、93.5%;AquaMats生态基反应器的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮去除率则在2周后分别达到70%、80%以上.不同曝气方式的影响研究发现,曝气/停曝时间比3h:3h、曝气量250L·h-1工况下,弹性填料生物膜反应器的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率均优于AquaMats反应器;随着曝气强度减至120L·h-1及曝气/停曝时间比缩短,AquaMats反应器的污染物去除性能逐步提高,表明其在确保一定的污染物去除率的前提下具有低气水比潜力与节能降耗的应用优势.镜检分析发现,弹性填料表面以颗粒物质截留、丝状菌包裹为主,而AquaMats生态基上附着的生物膜微生物群落相对较丰富.研究认为,呈辐射状结构的弹性填料对颗粒态污染物具有较强的截留能力,可实现微污染源水修复系统快速挂膜与稳定运行;而AquaMats生态基内部微孔结构有利于不同功能的微生物富集,可在低气水比条件下强化多种低浓度污染物的协同去除.     

有机磷农药降解方法及应用研究新进展

现代农业的发展和有机磷农药的使用密切相关,所造成的严重的农产品和环境污染是农业发展有待解决的关键问题之一。介绍了超声波技术、吸附、洗涤和辐照等物理方法,微生物、降解酶和工程菌等生物方法,水解、氧化分解和光化学降解等化学方法对有机磷农药的降解作用及其相关的应用研究。     

Chemical cleaning of fouled PVC membrane during ultrafiltration of algal-rich water

Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

偶氮染料分子结构对其生物脱色影响的研究进展

偶氮染料是工业中染料用量最大的一类,不同的分子结构对其微生物脱色性能具有一定的影响作用。文章综述了偶氮染料分子结构中的取代基种类及其取代位置对染料的脱色规律,以及分子特征结构对微生物脱色的量化分析。对目前染料生物脱色规律研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出相应的对策措施。     

土壤阴离子表面活性剂总量亚甲基蓝法研究

文章通过设计正交试验,针对提取的主要因素提取液配比、提取时间、提取温度和提取剂用量确定最优的前处理方法,建立与国标《水质阴离子表面活性剂亚甲基蓝分光光度法》(GB7494-87)对应的土壤阴离子表而活性剂(LAS)的亚甲基蓝分光光度法.土壤样品烘干后经20 mL乙醇水溶液(70％)提取,水浴恒温振荡仪45℃下振荡2h,...     

天津市城区夏季VOCs来源解析

对天津市气象铁塔处连续8天的(2010年8月19 日[-2010年8月26日)VOCs检测数据的分析与研究,采样频次为每日5次,采样时间从7:00至23:00,采样间隔2～3h,定量检测了 103种挥发性有机物.利用美国环保署正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型对天津市中心城区挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了解析,共解析出5个可能...     

地表水中石油类的测定及探讨

文章对影响地表水中石油类测定结果的因素进行探讨。通过克服这些影响因素,提高测定结果的准确性。并由实验证明,直接萃取法的检出限也能达到0.01 mg/L,满足这类低浓度石油类水样的测定。     

分点进水高效除磷脱氮工艺工程应用研究

分点进水脱氮除磷新工艺以统一动力学理论、动力学负荷理论、污泥浓度优化理论、同步硝化反硝化理论、种群增殖速度的密度控制理论、种群增殖速度的营养工况控制理论等作为主要理论基础,具有脱碳、脱氮、除磷效率高,总停留时间短,运行费用较低的显著优点,在罗庄区污水深度处理工程改追中得到了成功应用,出水水质达到GB18918-2002<城镇污水处理厂排放标准>一级(A)标准.