灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究

为了研究长沙县金井河流域农业源头生态沟渠氮和磷的输出特征，对灌溉和降雨条件下及不同季节生态沟渠水体氮、磷的变化特征进行监测研究。研究结果表明：灌溉和降雨期间，生态沟渠中总氮的输出最大值为270 mg/L，其输出的主要形态为氨态氮和硝态氮，总磷的最大值达032 mg/L。灌溉后，生态沟渠氮、磷的输出均呈单调递减变化，在灌溉初期均最高。降雨后，总氮、总磷沿程变化趋势均呈递减变化；生态沟渠对水体总氮、总磷去除率分别达64%、70%；各断面氮、磷的输出随着时间的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，其中总氮、氨态氮含量在雨后第3 d达到最高，总磷含量在雨后第2 d达到最高。在不同季节中水体氮、磷的变化以冬季总氮、氨态氮和磷浓度最高     

基于EEMD和EOF的鄱阳湖流域近550 a来旱涝时空变化

利用鄱阳湖流域及周边地区5个站点1467~2016年旱涝灾害史料，结合《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》数据和现代器测降水资料，基于相关系数权重法集成重建了鄱阳湖流域近550 a旱涝序列。采用集合经验模态分解和经验正交函数等手段分析了鄱阳湖流域近550 a来的旱涝时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）鄱阳湖流域旱涝序列的各IMF分量变化规律符合自然信号的非线性变化的特征，主要的高频变化周期有2~3 a、7~8 a；中低频变化周期有22 a、36 a；低频变化周期有110 a、220 a等。（2）旱涝序列空间场的EOF分解表明，前4个模态的累积方差贡献率为93.68%，收敛效果明显。第一模态为区域整体变化一致；第二、三模态分别代表南北方向和东西方向上旱涝变化不一致；第四模态代表赣南地区的极端降水类型。（3）主要空间模态的时间系数功率谱分析结果表明，旱涝空间场模态的变化周期与旱涝序列EEMD分解的结果基本一致。 关键词： EEMD；EOF；旱涝变化；时空特征；鄱阳湖流域     

汉江流域土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应模拟研究

针对流域LUCC驱动因子众多、驱动因子与土地利用/覆被变化之间存在复杂的非线性动态关系的特点，以汉江上游流域LUCC模拟为例，构建基于人工神经网络（ANN）与元胞自动机（CA）的模拟土地利用/覆被变化的CA ANN耦合模型，并应用该模型预测汉江上游流域2020s年代的LUCC变化情景。结果表明：2020s汉江黄家港站上游流域水田、旱地、灌木林与建设用地面积均有不同程度的增加，其中建设用地增幅最大，与区域交通和城市化的迅猛发展趋势相符；除建设用地增幅变化较大之外，1980s～2000s与2000s～2020s两个时期其余土地利用/覆盖类型的面积变化率都比较相近，表明CA ANN耦合模型能够刻画土地利用/覆盖类型的转换规律，在流域土地利用/覆被变化的复杂非线性动态演变情景的模拟预测方面是可行的。在此基础上，应用SWAT分布式水文模型模拟汉江上游流域水文过程。研究结果表明：在1980s年代、2000s年代及预测的2020s年代LUCC情景下，汉江上游流域年平均径流量呈增加趋势，LUCC对径流量年内影响较汛期显著，多年平均蒸散发量呈增加趋势     

龙岩市省控断面水体中多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价

对九龙江流域龙岩市省控断面2011年秋季、2012年冬季以及2012年春季河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。结果表明：该控断面河水中PAHs总量浓度变化为99~1788 ng/L，其组成特征是以3环(567%)、5环(246%)和4环(151%)为主，表明3环、4环及5环PAHs是九龙江流域龙岩市省控断面水中PAHs的最主要成分。地表水健康风险评价结果显示，红坊赤坑、雁石桥、捷步桥、顶坊4个采样点苯并\[a\]芘(BaP)毒性当量值(EBaP)均超出我国环境保护部(CEPA)制定的EBaP=2.8 ng/L的国家标准     

Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County,China)

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.     

Occurrence,sorption, and transformation of free and conjugated natural steroid estrogens in the environment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Natural steroid estrogens (NSEs), including free estrogens (FEs) and conjugated estrogens (CEs), are of emerging concern globally among public and...     

NOx attenuation in flue gas by •OH/SO4•--based advanced oxidation processes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The combustion of fossil fuels has resulted in rapidly increasing emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), which has caused serious human health and...     

Simultaneous determination of estrogenic odorant alkylphenols,chlorophenols, and their derivatives in water using online headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A simple online headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of trace amounts of nine estrogenic odorant alkylphenols and chlorophenols and their derivatives in water samples. The extraction conditions of HS-SPME were optimized including fiber selection, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salt concentration. Results showed that divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber was the most appropriate one among the three selected commercial fibers, and the optimal extraction temperature, time, and salt concentration were 70 °C, 30 min, and 0.25 g/mL, respectively. The developed method was validated and showed good linearity (R ²?>?0.989), low limit of detection (LOD, 0.002–0.5 μg/L), and excellent recoveries (76–126 %) with low relative standard deviation (RSD, 0.7–12.9 %). The developed method was finally applied to two surface water samples and some of these target compounds were detected. All these detected compounds were below their odor thresholds, except for 2,4,6-TCAS and 2,4,6-TBAS wherein their concentrations were near their odor thresholds. However, in the two surface water samples, these detected compounds contributed to a certain amount of estrogenicity, which seemed to suggest that more attention should be paid to the issue of estrogenicity rather than to the odor problem.     

黑水河下游鱼类资源现状及其保护措施

为了解白鹤滩蓄水运行前黑水河下游鱼类资源的现状、受到的主要威胁及其保护措施,于2014年1~12月在黑水河下游干支流江段采用电捕法进行了渔获物调查。结果显示:12个月共调查发现鱼类28种,隶属于3目8科23属,其中喜流水生境、产粘沉性卵、以着生藻类或/和底栖动物为食物的鱼类种类较多;调查区域鱼类个体规格普遍较小,其中齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti、短体副鳅Paracobitis potanini、红尾副鳅Paracobitis varigatus、短须裂腹鱼Schizothorax wangchiachii、前鳍高原鳅Triplophysa anterodorsalis、中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense和凹尾拟鲿Pseudobagrus emarginatus为调查区域的主要经济鱼类;上半年和下半年的渔获物结构在统计学上差异显著(R=0.81,p=0.1%0.05),鱼类在金沙江干流和黑水河下游之间的相互迁徙比较明显;CPUE呈现先波动下降然后逐月上升的趋势,其中10月份的CPUE最低;丰度生物量比较曲线显示2014年各月的渔获物结构均处于严重干扰状态。黑水河下游河道采砂以及过度捕捞是白鹤滩蓄水前影响黑水河下游鱼类资源的主要因素,建议通过控制采砂的江段、采砂的时间以及全面禁捕保护该区域的鱼类资源。     

铁炭微电解法预处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

超高盐榨菜腌制废水是高盐、高氮磷及高有机物废水，目前常采用生物方法进行处理，但因高污染物浓度及高盐度影响，处理效果不够理想；因此，选用铁炭微电解法对超高盐榨菜腌制废水进行预处理。通过静态烧杯实验，研究了反应时间、初始pH、铁炭体积比和铁水体积比对COD和氨氮去除率的影响。单因素实验的最佳处理条件：原水pH4～4．5，反应时间为30min，铁炭体积比为1：1，铁水体积比为2：1，出水COD和氨氮的去除率分别为57．29％和53．11％，盐度由原水的6．62％下降为3．63％，去除率达45．17％，pH由原水4．01升高为6．38。正交实验结果表明，影响COD和氨氮去除率的因素从大到小的顺序为：铁水体积比、初始pH、反应时间、铁炭体积比。实验表明，采用铁炭微电解法能够对超高盐榨菜腌制废水中的COD和氨氮进行有效去除，出水的pH升高和盐度下降，能满足后续生物处理的预处理要求。