绿色壁垒的法律分析

面对我国国际贸易深受国外绿色壁垒影响的现状,我国应以国际规则坚决抵制贸易保护主义,制定绿色产品及其包装发展鼓励条例,并不断完善环境管理和绿色保障法律制度。     

基于卫星和地面观测的中国典型城市群对流层内臭氧时空变化特征

为了探明近年来中国典型城市群(京津冀城市群、长三角城市群和珠三角城市群)臭氧(O₃)污染的发生规律,利用2005—2020年OMI-MLS (臭氧监测仪-微波临边探测器)对流层O₃柱总量探测数据以及2015—2020年地面O₃浓度监测数据分析我国三大城市群O₃的时空分布特征及其演变趋势,结果表明:①对流层O₃柱总量月峰值和年均值均呈京津冀城市群>长三角城市群>珠三角城市群的特征,京津冀和长三角城市群对流层O₃柱总量均在夏季〔分别为50.0和44.4 DU (dobson unit)〕最高,而珠三角城市群在春季(42.2 DU)最高. ②三大城市群对流层O₃柱总量在空间分布上具有不同的特征,京津冀城市群对流层O₃柱总量呈东南高于西北的特征,长三角城市群对流层O₃柱总量随纬度升高而增大,珠三角城市群对流层O₃柱总量南北局地差异较小;海拔对对流层O₃柱总量的空间分布有一定影响,海拔越高,对流层O₃柱总量越低. ③京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市群对流层O₃柱总量均呈逐年显著升高的趋势,年均增长量分别为0.25、0.28和0.27 DU,其中,京津冀城市群在对流层O₃柱总量较低的秋冬季年均增长(0.29 DU)最快,而长三角和珠三角城市群分别在对流层O₃柱总量最高的夏季和春季增长最快,均为0.39 DU. ④卫星探测的对流层O₃柱总量与地面监测的O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度(简称“O₃-8 h浓度”)在京津冀和长三角城市群相关性明显,而在珠三角城市群相关性较差. ⑤O₃-8 h浓度呈京津冀城市群>长三角城市群>珠三角城市群的特征,其中,京津冀城市群O₃-8 h浓度在2018年(110.9 μg/m3)最高,空间上由2016年之前的北高南低转变为南高北低,多数城市O₃污染较重且达标率较低;长三角城市群2017年O₃-8 h浓度(106.7 μg/m3)最高,2016年起O₃-8 h高浓度中心由东北逐渐向西部内陆迁移,沿海城市达标率增加;珠三角城市群O₃污染程度最轻,达标城市较多,但O₃-8 h浓度呈逐年上升趋势,并在2019年达最高值(100.4 μg/m3),且中心城市上升速率远大于外围城市. 研究显示,中国三大城市群对流层O₃柱总量和O₃-8 h浓度的时空分布特征存在显著差异,造成差异的因素也不同.      

SoilTrEC: a global initiative on critical zone research and integration

Soil is a complex natural resource that is considered non-renewable in policy frameworks, and it plays a key role in maintaining a variety of ecosystem services (ES) and life-sustaining material cycles within the Earth's Critical Zone (CZ). However, currently, the ability of soil to deliver these services is being drastically reduced in many locations, and global loss of soil ecosystem services is estimated to increase each year as a result of many different threats, such as erosion and soil carbon loss. The European Union Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection alerts policy makers of the need to protect soil and proposes measures to mitigate soil degradation. In this context, the European Commission-funded research project on Soil Transformations in European Catchments (SoilTrEC) aims to quantify the processes that deliver soil ecosystem services in the Earth's Critical Zone and to quantify the impacts of environmental change on key soil functions. This is achieved by integrating the research results into decision-support tools and applying methods of economic valuation to soil ecosystem services. In this paper, we provide an overview of the SoilTrEC project, its organization, partnerships and implementation.     

Study on turbulence characteristics and sensitivity of quadrant analysis to threshold level in Lake Taihu

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The identification of coherent structures is very important in investigating the sediment transport mechanism and controlling the eutrophication in...     

The Investigation of the Toughening Mechanism of PHBV/PBAT with a Novel Hyperbranched Ethylenediamine Triazine Polymer Based Modifier: The Formation of the Transition Layer and the Microcrosslinking Structure

A new type of designed hyperbranched ethylenediamine trazine polymer (HBETP) is successfully synthesized and characterized based upon NMR and GPC. The prepared HBETP is used to modify the poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. The effect of HBETP on the microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal properties of the blends is studied. The results indicate that upon addition of 1.0 wt% of HBETP, the impact strength of the PHBV/PBAT blends is increased by 47.1%; ?T_g of the blends decreases from 53.2 to 49.9 °C. These results, together with the morphology analysis of the fractured surface of the blends, conclude the formation of the transition layer between PHBV and PBAT. Also, the XRD result shows that the addition of HBETP can limit the growth of the PHBV crystals and causes the decrease of both the crystallinity and the grain crystalline size. The DSC result demonstrates that the addition of HBETP mainly affects the crystallization of the HB-HV binary eutectic region within PHBV. The mechanism of PHBV/PBAT toughening is due to the formation of the strong physical hydrogen bonding and the chemical micro-crosslinking between HBETP and PHBV/PBAT, which is proposed based on XPS characterization.     

Chemical deactivation of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR catalyst by combined effect of potassium and chloride

V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst was poisoned by impregnation with NH₄Cl, KOH and KCl solution, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), N₂ physisorption, Raman, UV-vis, NH₃ adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction of hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed oxidation of ammonia (NH₃-TPO) and selective catalytic reduction of NO _x with ammonia (NH₃-SCR). The deactivation effects of poisoning agents follow the sequence of KCl>KOH?NH₄Cl. The addition of ammonia chloride enlarges the pore size of the titania support, and promotes the formation of highly dispersed V = O vanadyl which improves the oxidation of ammonia and the high-temperature SCR activity. K⁺ ions are suggested to interact with vanadium and tungsten species chemically, resulting in a poor redox property of catalyst. More importantly, potassium can reduce the Brønsted acidity of catalysts and decrease the stability of Brønsted acid sites significantly. The more severe deactivation of the KCl-treated catalyst can be mainly ascribed to the higher amount of potassium resided on catalyst.     

下垫面条件对流域极端事件影响及综合应对框架

在剖析下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件演变影响的基础上,构建了流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架,并阐述其中的关键研究命题。结果表明,自然植被条件能够提高流域干旱之前土壤含水量并降低干旱过程中土壤蒸发速率,在一定程度上起到减缓干旱的强度和持续时间的作用;水利工程通过调节流域水资源的时空分布,增加可利用水资源量,能够缓解甚至规避流域干旱事件,但同时可能加剧坝址下游地区的干旱程度。自然植被条件将延长降水坡面产-汇流历时、降低洪峰流量,对极端降水洪涝事件具有一定的消减作用;此外,流域水土保持和修建水利工程等下垫面条件改变有利于河道行洪过程,能够起到缓解洪涝事件的作用。基于下垫面条件变化的流域极端水文事件综合应对技术框架包括旱涝事件监测、机理识别、影响评价和综合应对四个方面的内容,其中的关键研究命题主要为下垫面条件变化对流域极端水文事件影响的定量评估、面向流域极端水文事件合理的水土资源配置及其集成管理等。     

油田采出液乳化程度的影响因素试验研究

通过模拟油田采出液,考察了油水比、聚合物、表面活性剂及天然固体颗粒物对油田采出液乳化程度的影响。试验表明:随着油水比下降,模拟水样含油量降低,油珠Zeta电位升高,平均粒径变大,水样乳化稳定性减弱;HPAM会吸附于油珠表面从而增强其负电性,降低油珠间的有效碰撞,使油珠的平均粒径较小,导致油水分离较困难;表面活性剂会直接降低水样的表面张力,增强油水亲和性,导致水样含油量增大,同时增强了油珠的负电性,不利于油珠的集结聚并;天然固体颗粒物本身有一定的电负性,降低了油珠的Zeta电位,增加油珠的静电排斥,妨碍油珠的聚并,同时使水样的含油量升高,最终导致乳状液稳定。     

国内外石油公司甲烷排放差异性分析及启示

甲烷排放管控是国际石油公司推动低碳能源转型的一项重要举措,也是达成净零碳排放愿景的一个重要手段。研究发现,国内外石油公司的油气生产活动水平、甲烷排放控制水平、甲烷排放核算方法等3个方面均存在较大差异性。我国油井单井产量低,地面工程量大、工艺复杂,流程工艺中甲烷排放突出,油气系统甲烷排放水平较高,油气生产甲烷排放控制水平与国外石油公司相比尚有较大差距,与国外甲烷排放核算方法也存在较大差异性。着眼于甲烷排放管控,我国石油公司应充分衡量甲烷排放现状、生产活动水平、甲烷排放控制措施经济性和适用性等多重因素,严格控制潜在甲烷排放节点,并进一步做好甲烷排放检测、监测和数据统计工作,持续完善甲烷排放报告和核查体系。     

钯/泡沫镍阴极对水中微量氯贝酸的电催化氢化还原脱氯研究

氯贝酸（Clofibric acid, CA）是一种常见药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）类物质,在环境中具有持久性和稳定性.常规的水处理技术难以去除微量的CA,采用电催化氢化脱氯的方法可有效实现脱氯.本研究考察了CA初始浓度、工作电位、阴极液初始pH、反应温度、钯载量和电解质Na₂SO₄的浓度等多种因素对氯贝酸降解的影响.结果表明,CA的脱氯降解符合一级动力学方程,在工作电位为-0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl,钯负载量为0.20 mg·cm^-2,Na₂SO₄浓度为10 mmol·L^-1,初始阴极液pH为4.6,反应温度控制在303 K时,经过120 min的反应后,初始浓度为5 mg·L^-1的CA降解率达98%.因此利用钯/泡沫镍电极电催化还原降解废水中的CA具有很大的应用潜力.