Biosorption effects of copper ions on Candida utilis under negative pressure cavitation

Under the optimal condition of copper ions adsorption on yeast,we found some different effects among static adsorption, shaking adsorption and negative pressure cavitation adsorption, and the methods of yeast with different pretreatments also affect adsorption of copper ions. At the same time, the change of intercellular pH before and after adsorption of copper with BCECF was studied. The copper distribution was located by using PhenGreen （dipotassium salt and diacetate）, and the surface of yeast was observed by an atomic force microscope. The results showed that negative pressure cavitation can improve bioadsorption capacity of copper ions on yeast. However, the yeasts＇ pretreatment has a higher effect on bioadsorption. It indicates that heavy metal bioadsorption on yeast has much relation with its cellular molecule basis. With the adsorping, the intercellular pH of yeast increased gradually and changed from acidity to alkalescence. These results may suggest that negative pressure cavitation can compel heavy metals to transfer from the cell surface into inside cell and make the surface of yeast coarse.     

Assessing the Potential to Restore Historic Grazing Ecosystems with Tortoise Ecological Replacements

The extinction of large herbivores, often keystone species, can dramatically modify plant communities and impose key biotic thresholds that may prevent an ecosystem returning to its previous state and threaten native biodiversity. A potentially innovative, yet controversial, landscape‐based long‐term restoration approach is to replace missing plant‐herbivore interactions with non‐native herbivores. Aldabran giant (Aldabrachelys gigantea) and Madagascan radiated (Astrochelys radiata) tortoises, taxonomically and functionally similar to the extinct Mauritian giant tortoises (Cylindraspis spp.), were introduced to Round Island, Mauritius, in 2007 to control the non‐native plants that were threatening persistence of native species. We monitored the response of the plant community to tortoise grazing for 11 months in enclosures before the tortoises were released and, compared the cost of using tortoises as weeders with the cost of using manual labor. At the end of this period, plant biomass; vegetation height and cover; and adult, seedling, flower, and seed abundance were 3–136 times greater in adjacent control plots than in the tortoise enclosures. After their release, the free‐roaming tortoises grazed on most non‐native plants and significantly reduced vegetation cover, height, and seed production, reflecting findings from the enclosure study. The tortoises generally did not eat native species, although they consumed those native species that increased in abundance following the eradication of mammalian herbivores. Our results suggest that introduced non‐native tortoises are a more cost‐effective approach to control non‐native vegetation than manual weeding. Numerous long‐term outcomes (e.g., change in species composition and soil seed bank) are possible following tortoise releases. Monitoring and adaptive management are needed to ensure that the replacement herbivores promote the recovery of native plants. Estudiando el Potencial para Restaurar Ecosistemas Históricos de Forrajeo con Reemplazos Ecológicos de Tortugas Terrestres     

玉米与蔬菜间作削减农田径流污染的分析

为探明种植模式对农田径流污染的影响,寻求控制农田径流污染的有效种植模式,对不同种植模式下的小区径流量和径流污染(TN,TP,COD_Cr和SS)进行了测定. 结果表明:蔬菜单作模式的农田径流量和径流污染明显大于玉米与蔬菜间作模式;玉米与蔬菜间作模式可削减农田地表径流量和径流污染,其中玉米‖青花-马铃薯间作模式削减污染效果最好,与其对应的蔬菜单作模式——青花-马铃薯单作模式相比,该间作模式可削减79.59%的径流量,86.87%TN,84.23%TP,91.41%COD_Cr和82.46%SS的流失量.      

耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究

土壤重金属总量常被用来评估土壤质量安全,但是大量事实说明单纯用土壤重金属总量并不能完全说明土壤重金属的生物有效性及其环境风险。相对于国内外常用的Tessier的五态方法,欧共体标准物质局提出的三步提取法(BCR法),中国地质调查局地质连续提取法的七态标准少见报道。本研究选取河南平原耕地样品,采用中国地质调查局地质连续提取法(DD2005-03)进行耕地中重金属元素(Cu、Cd、Zn)的形态分布,结果表明:Cu、Zn主要以残渣态存在,其残渣态分别占全量的55.80%和67.35%。Cd以离子交换态为主,占全量的27.30%。Cu、Cd、Zn各态含量占全量比例的顺序是,Cu:残渣态弱有机结合交换态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐结合态强有机结合态水溶态离子交换态。Cd:离子交换态弱有机结合交换态强有机结合态残渣态碳酸盐结合态铁锰氧化态水溶态。Zn:残渣态铁锰氧化态弱有机盐结合态离子交换态强有机结合态碳酸盐态水溶态。从生物可利用性系数k来看,Cd主要以活动性较大的状态存在,很容易被作物吸收。     

水稻对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性差异

综述了UV-B辐射对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的影响和水稻对UV-B辐射的抗性机制。UV-B辐射对水稻生长、叶片形态、生物量、产量、光合系统、病害等产生一定的影响。水稻对UV-B辐射的敏感性因子主要有CPD光解酶、UV-B吸收物质、抗氧化酶等。UV-B辐射使水稻叶片中产生了ROS,导致Rubisco酶降解,光合色素含量变化,抑制了光合作用,最终影响水稻籽粒形成和产量。水稻对UV-B辐射响应存在着品种差异,CPD光解酶编码基因的自然突变会引起水稻UV-B敏感性的差异,CPD光解酶活性是水稻对UV-B敏感性的关键因素。通过建立响应指数公式,对水稻UV-B响应敏感性的品种差异进行评估,存在品种差异的原因主要是基因、生长、生理、生育期和环境背景的差异。最后对UV-B辐射对水稻的影响、水稻对UV-B响应的差异及机理有待深入研究的方向进行了展望。     

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.      

MnO2@ Graphite电极类电Fenton降解有毒有机污染物

制备了二氧化锰复合石墨(MnO2@graphite)电极,通过XRD,TEM对电极材料进行表征,并通过电化学工作系统(循环伏安法,线性扫描伏安法,计时电量法)对MnO2@graphite电极的电催化机理进行了研究.以有机染料罗丹明B( RhodamineB,RhB)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)为对象,探讨了 p...     

菌渣、鸡粪联合堆肥工艺研究

对以菌渣、鸡粪为主要原料的静态条垛式好氧堆肥工艺进行了研究.结果表明在1次发酵过程中,温度维持在55 ℃以上的时间均超过7 d.堆肥结束时,堆体温度恢复到略高于室温水平,含水率下降15%左右,pH值为7.8左右,总氮含量损失了13.8%～15%,并且主要发生在1次发酵阶段.本文通过对各参数的测定和分析发现,菌渣和鸡粪通过添加酵素菌进行30 d左右好氧发酵,即可获得高质量的堆肥产品,对堆肥工程有指导作用.     

国Ⅰ～国Ⅲ重型柴油车尾气PM_(2.5)及其碳质组分的排放特征

机动车排放是大气PM2.5污染的主要来源之一,而在机动车排放的PM2.5中,约80%以上来自重型柴油车.为了研究重型柴油车尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分的排放特征,本研究基于车载排放测试系统(PEMS),对7辆不同排放阶段的重型柴油车进行了尾气PM2.5采样分析,并进一步分析了PM2.5中的OC和EC组分.结果显示,从国Ⅰ到国Ⅲ阶段,重型柴油车PM2.5排放因子分别为(0.466±0.300)g·km-1、(0.112±0.025)g·km-1和(0.056±0.034)g·km-1,表明随着排放标准的加严,测试车辆的尾气PM2.5排放因子呈现显著的下降趋势.行驶工况对重型柴油车尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分排放存在较大影响,PM2.5排放因子在高速和市区工况下相对较高,而在市郊工况下则较低;OC和EC的比值在市区工况下为(2.86±1.07)∶1,而在市郊和高速工况下为(0.97±0.49)∶1.     

热解温度对生物炭强化镉污染土壤治理的影响

为了探究污泥生物炭对Cd污染土壤的钝化修复效果,采用人工模拟Cd污染土壤进行盆栽实验,并探究了生物炭对Cd污染土壤pH、有机碳、Cd含量及价态、玉米株高、富集系数及生物转化系数的影响。结果表明:热解温度为800℃时制备的生物炭的修复效果优于300℃时制备的生物炭,且生物炭的最佳剂量为9.0 g/kg。施用800℃下制备的生物炭时,土壤中Cd含量也增加至7.9 mg/kg,较热解温度300℃增加约1.0 mg/kg。污泥生物炭显著降低了土壤中酸可提取态及还原态Cd的含量,升高了氧化态及残渣态Cd含量。当热解温度为800℃时,酸可提取态和还原态Cd含量分别降低至0.68,0.45 mg/kg,氧化态及残渣态Cd含量分别升高至0.76,1.72 mg/kg,从而降低了土壤中可生物利用Cd的含量。此外,生物炭能够降低Cd的生物富集系数及转化系数。