硫丹的环境行为及水生态毒理效应研究进展

有机氯农药硫丹作为一种典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs)曾广泛应用于农业生产,我国曾大量使用。硫丹作为一种重要的污染物通过地表径流、淋、溶、干/湿沉降等方式进入水体,在直接影响大型水生植物和浮游藻类的同时,给鱼类等水生动物也带来了一定的毒性效应。由于其半衰期较长、迁移能力强、富集性高,在水体环境中已普遍检测出硫丹的存在,因此,对硫丹的水生生态安全性评价显得十分重要。硫丹对水生生物具有高毒性,它可影响生物正常受体配体作用、损伤生物膜、影响活性氧代谢并具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用。本文介绍了硫丹的环境行为效应,并综述了硫丹对水生生物的毒性及几种致毒机制,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向。     

Projection pursuit cluster model and its application in water quality assessment

One of the difficulties frequently encountered in water quality assessment is that there are many factors and they cannot be assessed according to one factor, all the effect factors associated with water quality must be used. In order to overcome this issues the projection pursuit principle is introduced into water quality assessment, and projection pursuit cluster(PPC) model is developed in this study. The PPC model makes the transition from high dimension to one-dimension. In other words, based on the PPC model, multifactor problem can be converted to one factor problem. The application of PPC model can be divided into four parts: (1) to estimate projection index function Q(a) ; (2) to find the right projection direction a ; (3) to calculate projection characteristic value of the i th sample zi, and (4) to draw comprehensive analysis on the basis of zi. On the other hand, the empirical formula of cutoff radius R is developed, which is benefit for the model to be used in practice. Finally, a case study of water quality assessment is proposed in this paper. The results showed that the PPC model is reasonable, and it is more objective and less subjective in water quality assessment. It is a new method for multivariate problem comprehensive analysis.     

Evaluating the short-term effect of ambient temperature on non-fatal outdoor falls and road traffic injuries among children and adolescents in China: a time-stratified case-crossover study

● A study assessing the temperature-injury relationship was conducted among students. ● The maximum risks of injury appeared at moderate temperatures. ● The temperature effect on outdoor falls was greater in older students. Although studies have suggested that non-optimal temperatures may increase the risk of injury, epidemiological studies focusing on the association between temperature and non-fatal injury among children and adolescents are limited. Therefore, we investigated the short-term effect of ambient temperature on non-fatal falls and road traffic injuries (RTIs) among students across Jiangsu Province, China. Meteorological data and records of non-fatal outdoor injuries due to falls and RTIs among students aged 6–17 were collected during 2018–2020. We performed a time-stratified case-crossover analysis with a distributed lag nonlinear model to examine the effect of ambient temperature on the risk of injury. Individual meteorological exposure was estimated based on the address of the selected school. We also performed stratified analyses by sex, age, and area. A total of 57322 and 5455 cases of falls and RTIs were collected, respectively. We observed inverted U-shaped curves for temperature-injury associations, with maximum risk temperatures at 18 °C (48th of daily mean temperature distribution) for falls and 22 °C (67th of daily mean temperature distribution) for RTIs. The corresponding odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 2.193 (2.011, 2.391) and 3.038 (1.988, 4.644) for falls and RTIs, respectively. Notably, there was a significant age-dependent trend in which the temperature effect on falls was greater in older students (P-trend < 0.05). This study suggests a significant association between ambient temperature and students’ outdoor falls and RTIs. Our findings may help advance tailored strategies to reduce the incidence of outdoor falls and RTIs in children and adolescents.     

好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属形态的影响

用 Tessier 连续提取法研究了好氧高温堆肥处理对猪粪中重金属结合形态变化的影响.结果表明,经过好氧堆肥处理,猪粪中 Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As 的总浓度升高;碳酸盐结合态 Ni、Zn 的浓度降低,其余 Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd 的浓度都升高;硫化物及有机结合态、残渣态重金属的浓度普遍升高,仅有硫化物及有机结合态 As 和 Zn 的浓度下降;可交换态 Cu、Zn、Cr、As 的浓度显著降低.堆肥处理可以降低可交换态和碳酸盐交换态 Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr、Zn、As 和铁锰氧化物结合态 Pb、Cu、Cr、As 的分配系数,因此可以降低猪粪中重金属的有效性.堆肥处理有利于降低猪粪土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

快速液相色谱-串联质谱法测定环境空气中的全氟化合物

不同研究报道的空气中离子型全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法各不相同,本文的目的在于对比和优化不同分析条件。通过对比不同流动相(甲醇和乙腈)、不同色谱柱(C8和C18)、不同梯度洗脱条件下目标化合物的分离效果,确定了以甲醇为流动相、C18色谱柱为分离柱和最佳梯度淋洗液分离的仪器分析条件。比较了甲醇和正已烷/丙酮混合溶剂萃取气相(PUF)和颗粒相(GFF)样品的效果,确定以甲醇为萃取溶剂。建立了空气中PFCs的LC-MS/MS优化分析方法,方法线性范围在0.1~50 ng·m L~(-1)之间,PUF与GFF样品方法检出限分别为0.02~0.35 pg·m~(-3)和0.02~0.26 pg·m~(-3)。同时将方法用于大气实际样品分析。     

冷却塔塔筒荷载效应和简化设计方法——配筋计算流程的简化

为简化冷却塔塔筒配筋设计中的多风向计算问题,以某冷却塔为例,通过分析各荷载单独作用下的内力状态,包括各自的控制性内力、内力环向分布特征等,对各荷载尤其是风荷载的内力状态进行简化,并根据冷却塔塔筒的旋转轴对称设计原则,从而提出了一种配筋计算的简化方法。与常规方法相比,简化方法所得配筋量仅略有增加,但不仅避免了多风向的组合计算,还无需对整个环向进行配筋计算,在一个确定高度位置只需取一组内力进行配筋计算即可,大大降低了计算工作量。     

云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的分形研究

根据云南省近500年的旱涝灾害时间分布序列,应用R/S分析,预测了未来旱涝灾害的发生时间,但预测时间尺度不同,结果也不同,因此仅从旱涝灾害发生的时间序列本身来预测,需确定其能够预测的时间范围;应用Smalley算法分别对云南省干旱和洪涝灾害的时间序列特征进行分析,干旱年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.5498,洪涝年发生时间序列的分形维数为0.4923,具有明显的分形特征,均小于Cantor集合的0.6309,可见云南省旱涝灾害发生的自组织程度可能会提高。分形研究的结果反映的仅是云南省近500年旱涝灾害时间序列的平均状况,由于旱涝灾害的分布具有空间差异,因此需分别研究不同程度灾害区旱涝时间序列的分形及多重分形特征。     

地震应急快速触发响应系统的需求分析与总体设计

介绍了中国数字地震观测网络项目应急分项软件"地震应急快速触发响应系统"的需求分析和总体功能设计,并对各子系统的技术实现方案以及软件的数据流程等内容进行了比较详细的说明。     

童装机械安全性检验与设计

本文分析了由于童装安全性不合格而被召回的案例,针对美国和欧盟的有关童装机械安全性标准,细化解析了标准中有关安全性设计的要求,以期为服装设计和生产提供参考。     

溴化1-十四烷基-3-甲基咪唑对小鼠的肝脏毒性及其作用机制

研究离子液体溴化1-十四烷基-3-甲基咪唑盐([C₁₄mim]Br)对小鼠的肝脏毒性及其作用机制。实验设立3个剂量的染毒组(1/16 LD₅₀、1/8 LD₅₀、1/4 LD₅₀)和1个空白对照组,考察昆明种小鼠染毒14 d后,[C₁₄mim]Br对小鼠血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化酶活性及脂质过氧化产物的影响,并观察肝脏组织的病理变化。与对照组相比,小鼠染毒后,血清中ALT、AST、DBIL和γ-GT明显升高;肝组织受到不同程度的损伤,HSI增大,蛋白质含量降低。当染毒剂量为1/4 LD₅₀时,肝脏中SOD活性和GSH-Px活性显著降低,MDA的含量则明显增加。实验结果表明,[C₁₄mim]Br可损伤小鼠的肝脏功能,破坏机体的抗氧化防御系统,造成氧化损伤和脂质过氧化。