综合应急救援能力描述理论架构及提升内容研究

基于代数这一数学工具,该文创新建立综合应急救援能力描述理论架构,包括面向自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生、社会安全等灾种建立的救援灾害轴,面向村、社区、街道(镇)、区(县、市)、市、省等区域建立的救援区域轴,面向准备、响应、处置、保障、善后等时间建立的救援时间轴,由此构成综合应急救援能力描述三维坐标系;在此基础上,抽象出应急救援能力途径通用表达式模型。研究出综合应急救援能力提升内容,包括综合应急救援能力提升内容的通用表达式,以及应急救援能力提升内容的通用表格;基于这些研究成果,就可根据实际的救援灾害轴、救援区域轴、救援时间轴等实际情况,得出具体的综合应急救援能力提升内容。     

磺胺类药物在土壤中的形态转化及降解研究

采用批量平衡试验法研究了磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑在添加模拟根系分泌物处理和对照中的形态转化及降解规律.结果表明,有机溶剂提取态、水溶态和结合态含量占总量的比例分别为86.5%~98.5%、0.6%~7.3%和0.1%~12.5%,有机溶剂提取态是2种药物在土壤中的主要存在形态.结合态所占比例随时间的增加而增高,添加模拟根系分泌物有利于土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑结合态的形成,对水溶态和有机溶剂提取态形成的影响较小.土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑的降解遵循一级反应动力学,可决系数为0.9273~0.9963.2种药物在添加模拟根系分泌物处理中的降解速率大于在对照的降解速率.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的还原与汞的生物甲基化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了铁还原菌奥奈达希瓦氏菌Shewanella oneidensis MR-1对针铁矿的异化还原及其对汞生物甲基化的影响.结果表明,S.oneidensis MR-1能溶解针铁矿,并能将溶解出的Fe3+还原成Fe2+;S.oneidensis MR-1也是一种汞甲基化细菌,能够将无机汞转化成甲基汞.铁的溶解还原作用随着初始针铁矿剂量的大幅增加而减弱,针铁矿的异化还原在一定程度内促进汞的生物甲基化.弱酸性条件比中碱性和强酸条件有利于汞的甲基化;腐殖酸在低浓度促进汞甲基化,浓度过高则会抑制汞的甲基化.     

区域定量风险评价理论探讨

基于区域风险评价的特点,给出区域定量风险评价的定义;提出区域定量风险评价的模式;基于事故后果分析方法和灰关联度理论,提出分析项目间风险关联性大小的分析方法。通过对风险关联度计算结果利用曲线进行圆滑处理,将其关联性大小分为4级;在确定不同风险关联度级别的同时,还可以精确反映出同一级别之间及相邻级别之间的相关性差异水平。通过对沈阳化工园区的实际应用,验证了该方法的可行性及其应用效果。风险关联性理论在园区区域定量风险评价中具有一定的实用价值。     

Emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O from freshwater marsh in northeast of China

The wetlands play an important role in carbon storage, especially at high latitudes, at which they store nearly one-third of global soil carbons. However, few studies have investigated the emissions of CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O in the long-term, especially effects of freeze-thaw cycles on these gases emissions in freshwater marsh ecosystems. In this paper, we collected greenhouse gas emission data from a freshwater marsh area in China for 4 years, evaluated their release variables and speculated on their potential atmospheric impact. For this paper, we report on the CO(2), CH(4) and N(2)O emission rates recorded from June 2002 to November 2005 in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China. We measured their interannual variations and fluctuations, as well as factors affecting their emissions, and estimated their regulation and freeze-thaw cycle impacts. Our results revealed obvious CO(2) and CH(4) emission fluctuations during the winter months, and during the freeze-thaw cycle, and a strong interannual variation during the growing season. Overall, we documented a close relationship between the CO(2) and CH(4) emissions, implicating some regulatory commonality. We determined that the marsh was a N(2)O sink during the winter, but a significant source of N(2)O during the freeze-thaw cycle as the temperature increased, especially in early summer. During the thaw-freeze period, the N(2)O levels were positively correlated with the water depth. Additionally, water depth greatly governed the interannual variation of the N(2)O emissions from the marshes during the thaw-freeze period.     

驾驶员自身因素对限速标志识别能力的影响分析

以研究城市道路限速标志下驾驶行为的变化为主要目的,基于认知心理学知识,采用实地观测和问卷调查等手段,研究了驾驶员经过限速标志时的心理及反应过程。依据认知工效学中的注意和记忆等机制对驾驶员的限速标志认知过程进行了解析;从驾驶员自身角度分析了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的主要因素;利用因子分析方法对调查数据和调查项目进行统计分析;最终提取了影响驾驶员识别限速标志的6个自身因素为主因子,作为限速标志对驾驶行为影响较大的因素。该研究结果可为城市道路限速标志的设计与设置提供科学依据。     

基于虚拟技术的三峡库区应急救援系统

三峡大坝蓄水后水质和生态环境安全的威胁加大。笔者基于对库区蓄水后水质状况的分析,将虚拟技术应用到三峡库区应急救援系统的设计中,提出了基于虚拟技术的应急响应流程,建立系统数据库和实时监控及预警体系,并以嘉陵江重庆段事故后污染物质的迁移扩散为例,应用数值模拟软件实现电子模拟演习,加强应急预案的建设和应急反应系统实战能力的提高。该系统通过建立应急救援数据库和实时监测及预警机制,提高库区应急响应效率,强化库区事故防范能力,并运用数值模拟方法为系统提供形象直观的电子模拟演习工具,为库区突发性水污染事故的处理提供强有力的决策支持。     

环境污染灾害的植物修复

环境污染是一个全球共同关注的重要问题。植物修复是利用植物对环境污染进行治理，具有高效、环境友好、廉价等优点。概述了植物修复的原理，综述了鏊合诱导和组织培养技术在植物修复中的最新研究进展，并对植物修复技术的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Acceleration of the particulate organic matter hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery and its original microbial mechanism

• Carbon availability was partially solved by POM recovery and fermentation. • 12% carbon sources were regenerated by fermentation of the entrapped 35% TCOD. • The unique microbial communities facilitated the efficient hydrolysis of the POM. • Considerable economic benefits in aeration power and ECS dosage were anticipated. To address the availability of carbon sources for denitrification, the accelerated hydrolysis of the most abundant but low-availability fraction of particulate organic matter (POM) was investigated. Mesh sieves with different pore sizes were used as primary pretreatment at the start-up-stage of the biological process to separate some POM from the liquid system. The changes in soluble carbohydrates and proteins were monitored to investigate the hydrolysis performance of the sieved POM, with waste activated sludge (WAS) as the control test. The results showed that an average of 35% POM could be entrapped before filtrate mat development. In addition, benefiting from the high polysaccharides concentration, as well as the high availability due to the relatively loose physical structure, a 23% hydrolysis efficiency of POM was obtained, in contrast to that of WAS (3.4%), with a hydrolysis constant of 0.39 h⁻¹. The prominent performance was also attributed to the unique microbial communities having been domesticated at a lower temperature, especially the cellulose-degrading bacteria Paraclostridium and psychrophile Psychrobacter, making up 6.94% and 2.56%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential benefits and application of improved POM hydrolysis by start-up stage recovery via mesh sieves combined with anaerobic fermentation were evaluated, including selective POM entrapment, alleviation of blockage and wear, and a reduction in aeration energy. By the proposed strategy, carbon availability for biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes is anticipated to be improved more economically than that can be achieved by primary clarifier elimination.     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌（aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB）以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度（以pufM基因计）变化范围为（6.70±0.43）×10³~（2.69±0.15）×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属（除未分类菌属外）,优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）和甲烷菌属（Methylobacterium sp.）,两者隶属α-变形菌（α-Proteobacteria）,其中慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）占比于11月最高,高达60%以上（除10 m外）,此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属（Rubrivivax sp.）,隶属β-变形菌（β-Proteobacteria）.AAPB不同属间存在较强的互作关系,如红杆菌属（Rhodobacter sp.）与小红卵菌属（Rhodovulum sp.）呈正相关,噬氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga sp.）与慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）呈负相关等.AAPB种群结构组成及分布差异显著,主要受T、TN、NO₃^--N和光照强度影响,且由环境因素综合调控.如10月水深0、5和15 m水体AAPB种群结构受水温（T）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）显著影响,12月水深5 m水体AAPB种群结构受光照强度、pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a（Chla）显著影响等.研究结果对解析分层型水库水体AAPB丰度和多样性的时空变化特征具有指导意义,并为探索AAPB种群结构的水环境驱动因素提供理论依据.