Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.     

土壤中重金属汞、镉和铜含量实验间比对结果分析

为了掌握土壤检测实验室的重金属检测能力和检测结果的可比性,采用国际上通用的稳健统计,用"Z比分法"统计方法对土壤中汞、镉、铜的检测结果进行分析。结果表明:3个土壤样品实验室铜测定结果满意度为100%;汞检测结果的满意度为66.7%～88.9%,可疑结果率为11.1%～16.7%,不满意率为0%～22.2%;镉检测结果的满意度为83.3%～88.9%,可疑结果率为0%～11.1%,不满意率为0%～16.7%;结论:参加此次比对试验的实验室铜检测能力较高,部分实验室汞和镉检测能力有待于提高。     

弥苴河口湿地植物残体与底泥资源化利用研究

应用双室堆沤肥技术,以弥苴河口湿地植物残体、湿地底泥和当地养殖业废物制成双室堆沤肥,按不同配比设计5种施肥处理方案进行还田试验。对比研究施肥前后的蔬菜产量、蔬菜品质、土壤肥力以及土壤根际微生物,发现:方案A[50%～60%植物残体(收割物)+40%～50%养殖业废物+微生物菌剂(3 kg/t),活性液体肥作追肥,农药同习惯施肥]对增加蔬菜产量、提高蔬菜品质、增加土壤肥力和改善土壤微生态环境效果最好。在实际应用中也可适当增加1 0%～20%的湿地底泥,相应减少养殖业废物量。     

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composite Membrane with Polyamidoamine Dendrimers for Efficient Separation of CO2/H2 and CO2/N2

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Although polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes are commonly used for CO2 separation, there is still large development space in mechanical properties and high...     

Size fractionation and characterization of nanocolloidal particles in soils

A protocol was developed to fractionate soil particles down to the nanocolloid scale by combining sieving, sedimentation, centrifugation, and cross-flow filtration (CFF). The validity of the method and the performance of the CFF system were tested by characterizing fractions using laser granulometry, electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The 0.1-μm-pore-size membrane CFF system effectively retained nanocolloids (<0.1 μm) as shown by laser granulometry and observed directly by transmission electron microscopy. However, environmental scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried colloids were very different from their TEM counterparts, suggesting that sample preparation influenced microscopy imaging. Chemical analysis of Cu, Cd, and organic carbon in each fraction showed that the concentrations of these components increased as particle size decreased, indicating colloids and nanocolloids play an important role in retaining trace metals. Particle-size fractionation combined with chemical analysis and electron microscopy can provide insight into the nature and properties of nanocolloids in soil.     

城市室内外空气真菌群落及影响因素研究进展

空气中绝大多数真菌与人类的健康及生产活动密切相关,当空气真菌孢子进入人体之后,会对身体造成严重的危害,引发各类疾病,全面了解城市空气真菌群落特征对于保护城市环境,控制城市疾病的发生具有重要的意义.城市绿化植物是空气真菌主要的来源之一,因此研究城市空气真菌群落与绿化植物之间的关系可为城市绿化植物选择、树种配置和管理方式提供科学的指导.通过系统的文献调研,分析了城市室内外空气真菌的群落特征,探讨了城市真菌群落与各种环境因素之间的关系.结果表明,除北极外,各地空气真菌的优势菌属均为枝孢属(Cladosporium),链格孢属(Alternaria)和青霉属(Penicillium);一年中城市空气真菌浓度夏季高,冬季低;它主要受到空气温度、湿度、风速风向、降雨等气象因素的影响.室内空气真菌的群落组成和数量特征及其动态变化都与城市室外空气真菌保持相对一致.但由于受室内特殊环境因素如房屋通风状况、卫生条件、房子结构及室内拥有者行为活动等的影响,室内空气真菌的优势菌属和浓度特征与室外真菌具有不同的特点.室内真菌总浓度高于室外,并以枝孢属和青霉属为优势菌属,适当的自然通风或使用空调等通风系统能有效降低室内空气真菌的浓度.文中最后指出了城市空气真菌将来的主要研究方向与迫切需要解决的科学问题.     

可燃气体检测仪的校正系数及其应用

可燃气体检测仪广泛应用于石化、煤矿等危险场所的气体检测。校正系数是影响仪器正确使用的重要因素。论述了校正系数既相似又不同的原因,阐述了合理选择校正气体的原则,分析了校正系数对测量结果的影响,总结了目前气体检测仪器生产及使用存在的问题,并提出了解决建议。     

保安湖鱼体重金属和有机氯农药污染特征及健康风险评价

在湖北保安湖采集主要食用鱼类(团头鲂、鲫鱼、草鱼)样品,通过测定鱼体中的重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn)和有机氯农药(六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs))含量,基于不同评估模型分析了这3种鱼的污染特征和健康风险。结果显示,鱼样中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量分别为1.03～1.13、0.93～1.66、22.80～31.54、0.08～0.49、0.004～0.007、0.040～0.050和0.03～0.06 mg·kg~(-1);鱼样中HCHs、DDTs的含量为5.94～38.04和5.99～38.38 ng·g~(-1)ww。根据国家规定的有毒有害物质限量标准,团头鲂和鲫鱼中As分别超标0.2和3.9倍;鲫鱼体内HCHs和草鱼体内DDTs含量分别超标0.9和2.8倍;其他鱼样重金属和有机氯农药含量均未超过标准限值。总体来看,鲫鱼重金属严重污染,重金属综合污染程度的顺序是鲫鱼团头鲂草鱼;鲫鱼和草鱼体内有机氯农药(OCPs)达到重度污染,OCPs综合污染程度为草鱼鲫鱼团头鲂; 3种鱼样重金属和OCPs复合暴露条件下健康风险评估结果表明,食用3种鱼肉的致癌风险都大于10-6,即均存在一定的潜在致癌风险,致癌风险概率为鲫鱼草鱼团头鲂,同时,食用鲫鱼还存在非致癌健康风险,其污染来源及有效防治值得进一步研究。     

稳定碳同位素示踪农林生态转换系统中土壤有机质的迁移和赋存规律

为了探讨土壤有机质在降解过程中的迁移、赋存规律,利用C₃植物与C₄植物明显的δ¹³C值差异,选取贵州茂兰保护区内农林生态系统发生转换生长的地域,分析土壤的不同粒径组分和比重组分中土壤有机质的δ¹³C值.结果表明,粗砂中的土壤有机质年代最新,细粉中的土壤有机质年代最老,有机质在降解过程中,在土壤各粒径组分中的迁移次序是:粗砂＜细砂＜粗粉＜粘土＜细粉;土壤重组分中的有机质年代较老,以降解充分、稳定的有机无机复合体为主,相对     

A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas

Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve.