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71.
Pisa Lennard Goulson Dave Yang En-Cheng Gibbons David Sánchez-Bayo Francisco Mitchell Edward Aebi Alexandre van der Sluijs Jeroen MacQuarrie Chris J. K. Giorio Chiara Long Elizabeth Yim McField Melanie Bijleveld van Lexmond Maarten Bonmatin Jean-Marc 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(10):11749-11797
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - New information on the lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on organisms is presented in this review, complementing the... 相似文献
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Marcon Alessandro Panunzi Silvia Stafoggia Massimo Badaloni Chiara de Hoogh Kees Guarda Linda Locatelli Francesca Silocchi Caterina Ricci Paolo Marchetti Pierpaolo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(22):28096-28106
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Chipboard production is a source of ambient air pollution. We assessed the spatial variability of outdoor pollutants and residential exposure of... 相似文献
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Mate guarding is a male strategy to gain access to receptive females but often results in antagonistic interactions between
the sexes because of different costs/benefits of guarding. In addition to social, morphological, and physiological parameters,
the type of mating system should also affect the strength of the conflict and thus the guarding duration. Specifically, when
compared to females, self-compatible hermaphrodites might have reduced benefits of outcrossing. We investigated mate guarding
in dioecious (co-presence of females and males) and androdioecious (co-presence of hermaphrodites and males) branchiopod crustaceans.
Both sexes in androdioecious systems should shift their guarding times to lower values relative to dioecious systems because
(1) androdioecious males are present in lower percentages than dioecious males and thus encounter rates with receptive mates
are relatively greater for them; and (2) hermaphrodites should have low incentive to incur high costs of mate guarding, having
the alternative of self-fertilization, and thus should be highly eager to resist. While females preferred short guarding times,
when allowed to control the guarding duration (males tethered), dioecious males did not increase their guarding duration when
females (treated with muscular relaxant) could not resist, in contrast to what has previously been found for androdioecious
males. This indicates that hermaphrodites are more willing to resist mate guarding than females. The among-species comparisons
supported our hypotheses: compromised guarding times were significantly lower in androdioecious than in dioecious species.
The introduction of a parameter (mating system) not previously investigated in mate guarding models resulted in a powerful
test of mate guarding theory, adding a valuable contribution to our understanding of intersexual conflict. 相似文献
79.
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment in Italy: Causes, Occurrence, Effects and Control 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Zuccato E Castiglioni S Fanelli R Reitano G Bagnati R Chiabrando C Pomati F Rossetti C Calamari D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):15-21
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.004
Background, Aim and Scope Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is an emerging issue. Until recently, information on medicinal substances
released into the environment was scant, but several studies have now been published. Data are, however, usually scattered
and a systematic approach to this subject is generally lacking. Moreover, because of differences in the prevalence of diseases,
treatment habits and options, or simply for market reasons, the pollution profile can differ significantly in different countries.
The aim of this work is to review the papers dealing with environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy, with the
aim of providing a comprehensive view on a national scale.
Methods Papers related to environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals in Italy were reviewed, in order to offer a comprehensive
view of this subject. Topics included analysis, occurrence, monitoring, modelling, treatment, control of the emissions, and
ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
Results and Conclusion The literature suggests that pharmaceuticals are widespread contaminants, entering the environment from a myriad of scattered
points. Patients, in case of drugs for human use, or animals for veterinary drugs, are the main sources of contamination.
Pharmaceuticals can be ranked according to environmental loads, predicted by multiplying sales figures by the rate of metabolism
in man or animals. Priority pharmaceuticals, i.e. the molecules of concern for the environment, can be measured in waste and
surface water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the loads detected are generally comparable to the predicted
ones. Pharmaceuticals are designed to stimulate a response in humans and animals at low doses, with a very specific target,
so the implications for human health and the environment need to be assessed. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that pharmaceutical
principles, taken singularly or in combinations, and concentrations close to those detected in the environment, may have ecotoxicological
effects. The sewage system is an important point in the control of contamination, but sewage treatment plants are not able
efficiently to abate a substantial part of water-borne pharmaceuticals. Several variables play a role, however, in the processes
of waste water treatment, and could be specifically adjusted to improve the efficiency of drug abatement, mitigating the potential
environmental hazards.
Recommendation and Perspective Pharmaceuticals in the environment are becoming a subject of global concern, with potential environmental consequences. Further
knowledge of the causes, occurrence and effects of drugs as environmental pollutants is necessary for a better understanding
of this ecological issue, as well as to improve abatement strategies, and to mitigate subtle environmental consequences. 相似文献
80.
Maria?Chiara?PagliarellaEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Piermaria?Corona Lorenzo?Fattorini 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2018,25(1):111-123
Large-scale remote sensing-based inventories of forest cover are usually carried out by combining unsupervised classifications of satellite pixels into forest/non forest classes (map data) with subsequent time-consuming visual on-screen imagery classification of a probabilistic sample of pixels taken as the ground truth (reference data). In this paper the estimation of forest change from a sample of reference data is approached by: (i) exploiting map data to construct strata in which changes are occurred, and then adopting the stratified sampling joined with the HT estimator with most sampling effort devoted to strata where changes are occurred irrespective of their size, as suggested in most remote sensing literature regarding land change assessments; (ii) adopting a spatial scheme ensuring spatially balanced samples, as suggested in most recent statistical literature regarding spatial surveys, and exploiting the map data in the difference estimator. The results of a comparison performed on an artificial population of reference data generated from a real population of map data recorded in Sardinia (Italy) discourage the use of unbalanced stratified samples that achieve the worst precision. The best results are obtained by means of spatially balanced samples or stratification with nearly proportional allocation to strata. 相似文献