Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附性能及其作用机理研究

采用水浴共沉淀法在碱性条件下制备两种Zn系层状双金属氢氧化物(Zn-LDHs),并对天然麦饭石进行覆膜改性得到Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石.运用能谱分析仪(EDS)配合场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)检测改性前后麦饭石,及吸附试验后ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石的形貌和元素变化;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对天然麦饭石和ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石的结构进行表征;通过等温吸附试验、解吸附试验、吸附动力学试验、吸附热力学试验、不同pH值条件下的吸附试验和竞争离子吸附试验,探究Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附效果及其作用机理.结果表明,Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能显著提升,其中ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石饱和吸附容量(2500 mg·kg~(-1))较天然麦饭石(714.29 mg·kg~(-1))提高了3.5倍;吸附时间、pH值和温度条件均对吸附容量产生影响;Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温模型、准二级动力学模型、Elovich模型,为均匀的单分子层化学吸附,而天然麦饭石吸附过程符合Freundlich等温模型和准一级动力学模型,吸附类型为非均匀多分子层物理吸附;Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石热力学参数ΔG~θ0,ΔH~θ0,ΔS~θ0,说明Zn-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是自发放热过程,天然麦饭石吸附则为自发的吸热过程.研究结果可为ZnFe-LDHs覆膜改性麦饭石有效应用于生态工程除Cd(Ⅱ)提供理论依据和技术参考.     

油气集输及处理节能减排的实践与探索

通过分析某作业区节能减排的现状、潜力及存在问题,结合典型实例,探讨了油田节能减排的途径和主要方法:应建立和完善各项节能减排制度,在推进能源节约、推行污染减排、加强资源综合利用等方面,实现全方位立体化节能减排。同时,应制定中长期工作规划,淘汰高能耗设备、应用新技术、加大监督检查力度等措施以实现油田企业可持续发展。     

北京春季一次霾-沙天气污染特性与成因分析

2017年5月3～5日,北京发生一次特别的重污染过程,与之相配的气象条件较为特殊,对污染形态和成因展开研究.基于北京35个环境监测站和与之最近的35个自动气象站,获取本次污染过程的总体特征及PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度与地面风场的匹配形态;利用MODIS和CALIPSO研究污染空间分布、输送路径、污染物类别;根据欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF第三代再分析资料ERA-Interim及风廓线雷达数据研究污染成因.以期以地-空立体监测技术手段配合气象条件得到本次污染特有的形态特征和影响因素.结果表明,利用以上多源数据,对本次污染进行立体观测和综合分析,能较好地反映污染特性和受制因素.本次污染骤然开始,陡然下降,持续约30h,整个过程PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度高,分别可达600～1 000μg·m~(-3)和200～700μg·m~(-3).全过程分为三段,前半段、间歇期、后半段.前、后半段污染成因以及由此造成的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度在空间分布上各有特点.前半段主导风向为西北风,风速小,PM_(10)浓度空间差异小,在800μg·m~(-3)以上,而PM_(2.5)浓度空间差异大,南部和城区高,达600～700μg·m~(-3),其余地方低,在350～500μg·m~(-3).间歇期低层风向从西北风切变为南风,高层维持西北风,南部和城区PM_(10)浓度下降明显,到650μg·m~(-3),北部依然在800μg·m~(-3),而此时北部PM_(2.5)浓度甚至降到200μg·m~(-3).后半段主导风又回到了西北风,且风速激增,此时PM_(2.5)浓度空间差异小且同一站点的浓度均小于前半段,在250～500μg·m~(-3).而PM_(10)浓度又回到了800μg·m~(-3)的水平.说明本次过程属典型霾-沙混合型污染.在偏西气流的影响下,对北京污染的主要贡献是沙尘型的PM_(10),而在偏南气流下,对北京污染的贡献除了沙尘外,还有PM_(2.5).污染重的同时,风速也大,大气垂直运动交汇于大约2～3 km高度,在此高度层内有大量污染物累积.     

基于物联网技术的移动危险源监测研究

移动危险源根据运输方式不同分为道路移动危险源和水路移动危险源.道路移动危险源主要是危险化学品运输车辆等,水路移动危险源是指危险化学品运输船舶.本文基于物联网技术对移动危险源的监测进行了研究,提出了建立基于无线通信网络的监测系统和建立基于二维码的监测系统,前者对道路与水路移动危险源均适用,后者仅适用于道路移动危险源.理论分析表明利用物联网进行移动危险源的监测是可行的.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的毒性作用

通过在基础海水中添加Cu2 、Zn2 ,研究其对黑褐新糠虾(Neomysis awatschensis)的急、慢性毒性影响.包括了Cu2 、Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾在24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50),安全浓度(SC)和在生长、成活、繁殖等方面的影响.结果表明:(1)水体中Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是2843、2363、1432、449 μg/L和4.49 μg/L.Zn2 对黑褐新糠虾24、48、72和96 h LC50和SC分别是10588、2331、1459、664 μg/L和6.64 μg/L.Cu2 对黑褐新糠虾的毒性大,黑褐新糠虾对Cu2 比对Zn2 更为敏感.(2)当5 μg/L≤Cu2 ≤80 μg/L、10 μg/L≤Zn2 ≤160 μg/L时,黑褐新糠虾在处于各浓度的Cu2 、Zn2 试液中经过60d的饲养,均显示一定程度的毒性作用,其成活率、体长和体长增长率随Cu2 、Zn2 浓度的不断增加都有不同程度的降低,与对照组相比均差异显著(P﹤0.05).     

东莞市农业土壤重金属的空间分布特征及来源解析

对东莞市农业土壤进行了系统采样分析,测定了表层土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量.利用GIS技术和多元地统计结合的方法,研究了上述8种重金属元素的空间分布特征和来源.结果表明,Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Hg的含量均超过广东省土壤背景值,尤其是Hg、Cd和Pb含量分别达到0.24、 0.12和65.38 mg/kg,远高于背景值,说明随着东莞市快速工业化,土壤中重金属呈明显积聚的趋势.上述8种元素可以由3个主因子反映.因子1为“自然源因子”,主要包括元素Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As,其高值区主要分布在研究区西部,主要受河流冲积物海相沉积物控制,低值区的空间分布受酸性火山喷出岩风化物和花岗岩风化物影响,因子1的空间分布主要受成土母质控制.因子2为“工业及交通源因子”,主要包括元素Pb和Hg,高值区主要分布在中部过渡区和西部平原区,高值区中心集中在中部过渡区的虎门镇和西部平原区的茶山镇,主要由该区工业污染所致.因子3为“工农业活动因子”,主要包括Cd元素,其空间变异完全受人为随机因素控制.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments di ering in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m2) and CO2 levels (350 and 700 mol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO2 concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO2 concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO2 elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO2 concentrations are di ered in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m2). Elevated CO2 concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO2 concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO2 concentration.     

北京夏季大气HONO的监测研究

在2007-08-14～2007-08-24期间,利用差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）技术,对北京市大气中HONO、NO₂和O₃等污染物进行了连续监测,分析了HONO和NO₂的日变化特征,讨论了夜间直接排放对HONO来源的贡献,进行了24 h和夜间13 h HONO非均相反应形成与黑碳气溶胶（BC）和相对湿度（RH）等要素的相关分析.结果表明,HONO和NO₂均在01:00左右达到峰值,HONO的另一峰值浓度出现在06:00,比NO₂第2个峰值出现时间07:00早1 h;夜间（19:00～次日07:00）直接排放对HONO的贡献最大达到31.3％,出现在20:00,平均贡献为15％;夜间HONO_corr/NO₂比率与BC和RH具有非常明显的相关性,说明HONO的非均相生成速率与NO₂的浓度以及反应介质BC表面的吸附水的浓度即RH成正比,得到夜间HONO平均转化率(HONO/NO₂)为0.8%·h^-1;而且RH的增加对HONO的非均相形成有利,但是当RH>80%对反应也将产生抑制作用,通过对监测期间的个例分析也证实了这一假设.