铁炭微电解预处理高浓度高盐制药废水

采用铁炭微电解法预处理高浓度高盐制药废水,并对反应条件、处理效果、反应动力学和机理进行研究。通过单因素实验初步研究进水pH、铁用量、反应时间和铁炭比对处理效果的影响;通过正交实验表明进水pH对处理效果影响最大,并得到最佳反应条件为:进水pH为4.5,铁投加量40 g/L,铁炭质量比1∶1,反应时间4 h,COD去除率可达40%以上,并可以提高废水的可生化性,后续通过厌氧生物处理出水可达二级污水综合排放标准。通过对各级反应动力学方程进行回归分析,表明微电解处理制药废水基本遵循一级反应动力学。铁炭微电解处理制药废水效果好,并可以提高可生化性,同时具有操作简单和成本低的优点,为制药废水的预处理提供新的途径。     

污染源管理信息化建设的思考

污染源管理是环境监管的重点,信息化是提高污染源管理水平的重要手段。阐述污染源管理信息化现状,分析污染源管理信息来源及信息化发展中的不足,提出加强基层环保部门污染源监管信息化建设的建议,为污染源管理信息化建设提供借鉴。     

A study on the design of a hybrid policy for carbon abatement

A necessary way to mitigate global warming is carbon reduction, which the international community is now actively promoting. China has committed a target goal for carbon reduction to the international society, and has devoted a great effort toward researching the impact of related policies. Carbon taxation and carbon trading are the two main mechanisms to advocate carbon abatement, which many countries have been using. Each of these two mechanisms possesses advantages and disadvantages, and an appropriate combination of them can make best use of their advantages while bypassing their disadvantages, creating a superior mechanism. In our opinion, the main differences between these two mechanisms are that carbon taxation has a lower institution cost (consisting of the related infrastructural investment and the regulation cost, etc), and is easier to operate, but lacks the flexibility in response to variations of market conditions. However, this flexibility is just the origin of risk, which increases the difficulty for firms in their decision of carbon abatement and is an indirect way to incentivize carbon abatement, compared to carbon trading, which has a more direct effect in carbon reduction. Based on the above observation, we present a hybrid mechanism of carbon abatement, which is an organized combination of carbon taxation and carbon trading. It consists of two parts: first, the carbon taxation, which has a progressive tax rate, second, the carbon trading. Small firms will only pay the carbon tax, while large firms, will first need to get the initial carbon emission quotas by some way, and then trade it in the carbon market if necessary. For firms with extra emissions, they will receive a punishment according to a high carbon tax rate. This hybrid policy considers the equity between different firms in carbon emission rights as well as the efficiency of the mechanism while decreasing the risk level for firms in the carbon emission decision, making it superior to the two previous policies. We also analyze the feasibility of this hybrid policy in China, address some important issues in the implementation of this hybrid policy in China and present the relevant suggestions. The discussion in this paper can serve as a reference to the government in the decision of carbon policies.     

Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals. • The potential ecological risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar is extremely low. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature reduces the leaching toxicity of heavy metals. • The toxicity of biochar reduces with the increasing content of stable heavy metals. Pyrolysis is a promising technique used for treating of sewage sludge. However, the application of pyrolysis products is limited due to the presence of heavy metals. In this study, sewage sludge mixed with kaolin/zeolite was pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln, aiming to improve the immobilization of heavy metals in pyrolytic carbon. The total concentrations, speciation distributions, leaching toxicities, and potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar were explored to examine the effects of kaolin/zeolite and pyrolytic temperature on immobilizing heavy metals. Further, mineral composition and surface morphology of biochar were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the potential mechanism of immobilizing heavy metals. Increasing pyrolysis temperature facilitated the stabilization of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar. The proportions of stable heavy metals in biochar obtained at 650℃ were 54.50% (Cu), 29.73% (Zn), 79.29% (Cd), 68.17% (Pb) and 86.70% (Cr). Compared to sewage sludge, the potential contamination risk index of pyrolysis biochar obtained at 650℃ was reduced to 17.01, indicating a low ecological risk. The addition of 7% kaolin/zeolite further reduced the risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar prepared at 650℃ to 10.86/15.28. The characterization of biochar revealed that increase in the pyrolysis temperature and incorporation of additives are conducive to the formation of stable heavy metal-inorganics. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable mineral compounds containing heavy metals is the key to stabilizing heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar.     

Sorption mechanisms of diphenylarsinic acid on natural magnetite and siderite: Evidence from sorption kinetics,sequential extraction and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy analysis

• DPAA sorption followed pseudo-secondary and intra-particle diffusion models. • Chemical bonding and intra-particle diffusion were dominant rate-limiting steps. • DPAA simultaneously formed inner- and outer-sphere complexes on siderite. • DPAA predominantly formed occluded inner-sphere complexes on magnetite. • Bidentate binuclear bond was identified for DPAA on siderite and magnetite. Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is both the prime starting material and major metabolite of chemical weapons (CWs). Because of its toxicity and the widespread distribution of abandoned CWs in burial site, DPAA sorption by natural Fe minerals is of considerable interest. Here we report the first study on DPAA sorption by natural magnetite and siderite using macroscopic sorption kinetics, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and microscopic extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Our results show that the sorption pseudo-equilibrated in 60 minutes and that close to 50% and 20%–30% removal can be achieved for magnetite and siderite, respectively, at the initial DPAA concentrations of 4–100 mg/L. DPAA sorption followed pseudo-secondary and intra-particle diffusion kinetics models, and the whole process was mainly governed by intra-particle diffusion and chemical bonding. SEP and EXAFS results revealed that DPAA mainly formed inner-sphere complexes on magnetite (>80%), while on siderite it simultaneously resulted in outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexes. EXAFS analysis further confirmed the formation of inner-sphere bidentate binuclear corner-sharing complexes (²C) for DPAA. Comparison of these results with previous studies suggests that phenyl groups are likely to impact the sorption capacity and structure of DPAA by increasing steric hindrance or affecting the way the central arsenic (As) atom maintains charge balance. These results improve our knowledge of DPAA interactions with Fe minerals, which will help to develop remediation technology and predict the fate of DPAA in soil-water environments.     

水源水水质风险评价的讨论及实例——以南方N市为例

水质风险评价是环境风险评价的重要组成部分。文章从数据收集以及评估、有毒性评价、暴露评价、风险表征等四个方面,探讨了以长江水为饮用水源水的N市水质健康风险评价体系的构建,并利用相关数据进行分析讨论。结果表明,水源水体中致癌物质六价铬、砷的风险值较高,镉的风险值虽未超标但也已经接近国际标准;非致癌物质氟化物、铅、铁、氨氮、汞、氰化物、锰、挥发酚的非致癌风险都低于国际水平;水源水中11项污染物的危害指数排序为:砷氟化物六价铬铅镉铁氨氮汞氰化物锰挥发酚,其绝对值大部分都超过了1。     

天水市麦积区大气总悬浮颗粒物与绿地分布的关系研究

以麦积区城郊2013年实测绿地大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)为根据,应用空间变异分析、克里格插值、重分类等方法,对麦积区城郊绿地大气TSP进行了分析,得出如下结论:当绿地结构是乔木和灌木组成的针阔混交林、森林覆盖率在73%时,大气TSP质量浓度小于0.08mg/m3;当绿地结构是天然林、小部分经济林和绿化带组成的阔叶林、森林覆盖率在51%时,大气TSP质量浓度为0.08~0.20mg/m3;当绿地结构是经济林、绿化带和农田、森林覆盖率在30%以下时,大气TSP质量浓度在0.20mg/m3以上;森林覆盖率在10%左右时,大气TSP质量浓度在9.700~13.548mg/m3。麦积区城市绿地结构和森林覆盖率直接影响大气TSP浓度,这为麦积区城市绿地规划和建设、改善城市环境质量提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

赴德参展侧记

2009年11月,两年一度的国际工业安全用品及健康用品展览会(A+A2009)在德国杜塞尔多夫会展中心开幕.我公司在中纺商业协会安全健康防护用品委员会的组织下,赴德参展,收到了意想不到的效果.     

基于车载移动监测的北京市丰台区道路扬尘源排放特征

基于车载移动监测系统,对丰台区各类型道路、不同季节典型道路的积尘负荷特征进行分析.探讨不同环线区域内的道路车流量、积尘负荷、扬尘排放量的变化规律及原因,并运用ArcGIS软件得到道路扬尘积尘负荷和排放量的空间分布图.结果表明,各类型道路的积尘负荷均值和道路扬尘排放因子的大小顺序都为支路 > 次干道 > 主干道 > 快速路.车流量对道路扬尘积尘负荷和排放强度的影响呈反向关系.PM_2.5、PM₁₀和TSP的年排放量分别为1824、7539、39274 t·a^-1.从PM_2.5的年排放空间分布上来说,三环内网格排放量较大,其次是三环至四环,六环外的单位面积道路扬尘排放量最小.不同环线区域内的单位面积车流量和排放量大小顺序为三环内 > 三环至四环 > 四环至五环 > 五环至六环 > 六环外.而三环内、三环至四环、四环至五环、五环至六环、六环外的年均积尘负荷分别为0.67、0.73、0.76、0.80、0.79 g·m^-2.