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Athit Phetrak Jenyuk Lohwacharin Hiroshi Sakai Michio Murakami Kumiko Ogum Satoshi Takizawa 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(6):1294-1300
Anion exchange resins (AERs) with different properties were evaluated for their ability to remove dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide, and to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) formation potentials of water collected from a eutrophic surface water source in Japan. DOM and bromide were simultaneously removed by all selected AERs in batch adsorption experiments. A polyacrylic magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) showed faster dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal than other AERs because it had the smallest resin bead size. Aromatic DOM fractions with molecular weight larger than 1600 Da and fluorescent organic fractions of fulvic acid- and humic acid-like compounds were efficiently removed by all AERs. Polystyrene AERs were more effective in bromide removal than polyacrylic AERs. This result implied that the properties of AERs, i.e. material and resin size, influenced not only DOM removal but also bromide removal efficiency, MIEX showed significant chlorinated DBP removal because it had the highest DOC removal within 30 rain, whereas polystyrene AERs efficiently removed brominated DBPs, especially brominated trihalomethane species. The results suggested that, depending on source water DOM and bromide concentration, selecting a suitable AER is a key factor in effective control of chlorinated and brominated DBPs in drinking water. 相似文献
73.
Ogino A Hirooka H Ikeguchi A Tanaka Y Waki M Yokoyama H Kawashima T 《Journal of environmental quality》2007,36(4):1061-1068
There is increasing concern about feeds prepared from food residues (FFR) from an environmental viewpoint; however, various forms of energy are consumed in the production of FFR. Environmental impacts of three scenarios were therefore investigated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA): production of liquid FFR by sterilization with heat (LQ), production of dehydrated FFR by dehydration (DH), and disposal of food residues by incineration (IC). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg dry matter of produced feed standardized to a fixed energy content. The system boundaries included collection of food residues and production of feed from food residues. In IC, food residues are incinerated as waste, and thus the impacts of production and transportation of commercial concentrate feeds equivalent to the FFR in the other scenarios are included in the analysis. Our results suggested that the average amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LQ, DH, and IC were 268, 1073, and 1066 g of CO(2) equivalent, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from LQ was remarkably small, indicating that LQ was effective for reducing the environmental impact of animal production. Although the average amount of GHG emissions from DH was nearly equal to that from IC, a large variation of GHG emissions was observed among the DH units. The energy consumption of the three scenarios followed a pattern similar to that of GHG emissions. The water consumption of the FFR-producing units was remarkably smaller than that of IC due to the large volumes of water consumed in forage crop production. 相似文献
74.
Seven compounds with different lipophilicities and structures—1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, acenaphthylene, 1,4-dimethyl-2-(1-methylphenyl)benzene, 4-ethylbiphenyl, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane—were subjected to bioconcentration tests in carp at concentrations below the water solubilities of the compounds in the presence or absence of a dispersant (either an organic solvent or a surfactant). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the compounds were on the order of 102–104. The BCF values remained in the range of 15–49% for all the compounds, whether or not a dispersant was present, i.e., the BCF values in the presence of an organic solvent or a surfactant at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration were not significantly smaller than the BCF values in the absence of the solvent or surfactant. This result indicates that the dispersants had no influence on the evaluation of the bioconcentration potential of these test substances. 相似文献
75.
Generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) such as O(2)(-), H(2)O(2), and *OH is known to be a major mechanism of damage in biological systems. This study investigated and compared effectiveness of scavenging ROI generated in fluoranthene (FLU) pre-fumigated Japanese red pine seedlings. Three kinds of eco-physiological assessments were used to express the impact of the different fumigants used inside the green house. Gas exchange measurements showed negative changes induced by 10 microM FLU on Japanese pine seedlings during a 10 d exposure period whilst no negative change was found during a 5 d exposure period. Moreover, during a 14 d FLU exposure incorporating ROI scavengers, results revealed that chlorophyll fluorescence, needle chemical contents and needle dry mass per unit area of the seedlings were affected. The negative effects of FLU on the conifer were dependent on both the dose and period of FLU fumigation. Peroxidase (PERO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and mannitol (MANN) were all effective scavengers of ROI. MANN scavenged *OH, the most lethal of the ROI. For practicable use, MANN is more economical, and may be the best ROI scavenger among the three considered. It can be concluded that efficient scavenging of ROI in biological systems is important to mitigate the negative effects of FLU on Japanese red pine trees. 相似文献
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Xin-Rui Li Hiroshi Koseki 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2005,18(4-6):455-459
In this paper, compared with a UN cylindrical 500 mL Dewar (H.4 in the UN tests), a spherical 1 L Dewar vessel was used to study the early stages of runaway reactions of several liquid and solid samples, including three organic peroxides and a reactive material. The samples were filled in the vessels and the temperature profiles versus times at different positions of the samples were measured. As a result, the minimum temperatures, defined as the SADT, were averagely 10 K lower than those measured in the cylindrical Dewar vessels. At the same time, the temperature profiles of solids in the spherical Dewars tended to be homogeneous. The heat transfer coefficient of a spherical Dewar is only 0.18 W/K/m, one-eighth of a conventional cylindrical Dewar vessel. Meanwhile it has a low phi factor. These factors are essential to simulate low heat loss bulk conditions in the equilibrium process and at the early stage of a runaway reaction. To characterize the ability of the adiabaticity of a storage vessel, it can be seen that a spherical Dewar could simulate the plant process having critical storage size of a reactive-material, r0, approximately 0.6 m. It is recommended that such a technique is used to investigate the SADT of an unstable material in larger scale packaging or a material with very weak heat release in industry. 相似文献
80.
由于日本消防法中固体氧化物的燃烧试验方法,与联合国黄皮书中所建议的试验方法有所不同,在实际应用中经常出现矛盾.因此,本文对其中的一些不同之处进行了重新的研究考察.并与日本海事检定协会和代表联合国标准测试方法的荷兰应用科学研究组织进行合作,对比研究了联合国建议的关于固体氧化物燃烧试验的方法.并就其中发现的问题提出了相应的改进意见.具体有以下4方面的措施:(1)纤维素种类对于燃烧时间的影响;(2)环境湿度及纤维素含水量对燃烧时间的影响;(3)导火线材料与导火线破裂方式出现的问题;(4)联合国建议中的举例数据. 相似文献