锰铈脱硝催化剂的制备及其再生性能研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO。考察了Mn/Ce摩尔比、焙烧温度、H2O和SO2对Mn-Ce-Ox复合氧化物脱硝催化剂活性的影响及催化剂中毒再生性能。结果表明:当NH3:NO=1:1,空速为5 000 h-1,550℃焙烧制得的Mn/Ce摩尔比为5∶1的Mn-Ce-Ox复合脱硝催化剂活性最佳,活性温度窗口为100~260℃,在此温度区间内催化剂活性大于90%。200℃时,Mn-Ce-Ox复合催化剂活性最高为97.84%;在10%(V/V)H2O蒸汽和300×10-6SO2共存条件下,200℃时,催化剂活性在开始反应2.5 h内迅速下降至53%左右,并在之后的6 h内没有明显变化;中毒催化剂经常温水洗再生处理、质量分数为3%的硝酸溶液再生处理和550℃焙烧2 h再生处理后200℃活性均能恢复到90%以上,其中中毒催化剂经质量分数为3%硝酸处理后活性恢复率最高。     

黑麦草、丛枝菌根对番茄Cd吸收、土壤Cd形态的影响

采用大田试验研究了在重金属Cd(5.943 mg·kg~(-1)污染下,黑麦草和丛枝菌根对2个品种番茄("德福mm-8"和"洛贝琪")生长、Cd含量以及对土壤微生物、酶活性、p H和Cd形态的影响.结果表明,黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合处理显著提高了2个品种番茄果实、根、茎、叶和植株总干重,增幅分别为14.1%~38.4%和4.2%~18.3%、20.9%~31.5%和8.4%~10.3%、13.0%~16.8%和3.0%~9.5%、10.7%~16.8%和2.7%~7.6%、14.3%~36.6%和4.5%~16.8%.黑麦草和丛枝菌根单一或复合处理增加了土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量及土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,且土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性在不同品种和处理间的差异达到显著性水平(P0.05).与番茄套种黑麦草或接种丛枝菌根提高了土壤p H值,降低了土壤中可交换态(EXC-Cd)、碳酸盐态(CAB-Cd)和铁锰氧化态(Fe-Mn-Cd)和土壤中Cd总量,土壤中Cd总量降幅为16.9%~27.8%.2个番茄品种果实、叶、茎和根中的Cd含量分别显著下降了6.9%~40.9%、5.7%~40.1%、4.6%~34.7%和9.8%~42.4%.Cd主要积累在番茄的叶、根和茎中,果实积累较少.比较供试的2个番茄品种,果实Cd含量和积累量及植株Cd总积累量以"洛贝琪""德福mm-8".     

铀矿区周边水体典型核素污染特征及风险评价

为研究铀矿区周边水体中典型放射性核素分布特征及其潜在的健康风险,对该地区周边浅层地下水及河水中放射性活度浓度进行分析测定.运用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价模型对放射性污染及不同年龄段人群健康风险进行评估.结果表明,地下水与河水中放射性核素²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²³²Th活度浓度（地下水：0.012~0.102,0.013~0.036,0.002~0.033Bq/L,河水：0.001~0.066,0.013~0.034,0.001~0.013Bq/L）均未超过WHO饮用水水质准则规定的标准限值,但远远高于江西省水体背景值.河水中各核素活度浓度随水流流向呈递减趋势,地下水中各核素空间分布无明显规律性特征.河水中综合污染指数高于地下水,最高值分别为9.21和6.83,属严重污染和中度污染.健康风险评价结果表明,幼儿和少儿致癌风险要高于成人,幼儿终身致癌风险均超过ICRP最大可接受风险值5.0×10^-5,少儿和成年超标率为33.3%和16.7%,即使未超标但也高于USEPA推荐可忽略风险水平10^-6,具有潜在致癌风险.各核素致癌风险水平呈现为²²⁶Ra > ²³²Th > ²³⁸U,因而对于铀矿区周边饮用水中²²⁶Ra和²³²Th要更加重视研究.     

施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对果园土壤有机碳组分的影响

为研究施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳组分的影响,以果园土壤为研究对象,从时间、空间维度解析长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤有机碳积累、组成及其分布规律的影响,结合CPMI（碳库管理指数）和相关性分析,揭示施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对土壤碳汇的影响机制.结果表明,施用餐厨垃圾调理剂可显著提高土壤中w（TOC）（TOC为总有机碳）,并随施用时间的增加逐渐向深层土壤迁移,改善TOC分布状况.随着施用餐厨垃圾调理剂时间的增加,0~20 cm土壤层中w（NOC）（NOC为非活性有机碳）和30~40 cm土壤层中w（AOC）（AOC为活性有机碳）呈增加趋势,AOC分配比例低于NOC分配比例.随着施用时间的增长,0~30 cm土壤层中w（POC）（POC为颗粒有机碳）显著提高,最大值为42.94 mg/g,MOC（矿质结合态有机碳）分配比例与POC分配比例呈相反变化趋势,有利于提高土壤碳稳定性.各土壤层中CPMI均大于空白对照组,最大值为154.437,表明施用餐厨垃圾调理剂有利于提升土壤肥力.相关性分析表明,w（POC）与pH呈负相关,与含水率、EC（电导率）、w（OM）（OM为有机质）呈正相关,其中与含水率相关性最高（R=0.91）.可见,长期施用餐厨垃圾调理剂对提高果园土壤碳汇、改善土壤肥力具有重要意义,研究结果有助于进一步提升土壤碳汇的新型土壤调理剂的研发与应用.      

北京市虚拟水消费与贸易

北京市作为水资源极度紧缺的城市,亟需提高水资源的利用效率。本文基于多尺度投入产出分析模型,对2012年北京市虚拟水消费及贸易情况进行了核算与分析,并与2007年的结果进行了比较。计算结果表明：2012年北京市消费引发的虚拟水用量高达139.5亿m³,是基于生产的直接实体用水量（35.9亿m³）的3.89倍;对比2007年,虚拟水消费增长（23.7%）远比直接用水增长（11.8%）快。北京市使用的全部水资源中仅有5%由北京本地供应,有超过3/5从国内其他省市调入,约35%从世界其他国家进口。与此相对应,这些水资源有1/5被北京本地消费使用,约3/4被调出到国内其他省市,6%被出口至其他国家。与2007年相比,2012年北京市国内虚拟水贸易由净调入转为净调出,净调出量为2007年净调入量的1.1倍;而国际虚拟水贸易由净出口转为净进口,净进口量为2007年净出口量的837.2倍。北京市2012年净输入虚拟水资源103.6亿m³（全部来源于国际贸易）,有效地避免了对本地水资源的过度开采。与此同时,北京市通过转口贸易的形式将大量进口的虚拟水调出到了中国其他省市,为缓解国内水资源紧张局面作出了贡献。未来北京市应当在考虑能源矿产供应安全及消化国内过剩产能的前提下有策略性地增加矿产、能源、建筑和交通运输设备等部门部分产品的进口,以达到节约我国水资源及全球范围内水资源高效利用的目的。     

不同地域的阳光光谱分布特性

目的研究阳光的光谱能量分布特性。方法对高原、西北沙漠、热带海洋等3个地域200~800 nm波段的阳光进行光谱测量,分析不同地区、不同天气状况、不同扫描速度下的阳光光谱能量分布特性。结果高原地区阳光光谱中的紫外-可见波段的辐照强度明显比西北沙漠和热带海洋地区高,多云时200~800 nm波段的辐射总量与晴天相比降低1/4,200~400 nm的紫外波段的辐射总量仅为晴天时的54%。光谱测量仪的扫描速度对光谱测定结果基本无影响。结论研究获得的阳光紫外截止点、340 nm处的辐照强度、不同波段的辐照量,可为实验室光源暴露试验中的光源选择、光谱能量控制提供参考。     

覆盖对南方红壤桔园生态系统的影响

连续４年观测了几种覆盖处理下红壤坡地桔园内气温、土温、土壤水分状况，土壤养分及土壤物理性状的差异，分析了造成这些差异的直接原因，提出地膜加草覆盖是南方红壤无灌溉条件坡地桔园最理想的覆盖方式之一。     

Heavy metals associated with reduced sulfur in sediments from different deposition environments in the Pearl River estuary, China

Distribution of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM: Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni) in sediment profiles has been studied at five sites in Pearl River estuary, China. Of the five sampling locations, Nos.1 and 2 are in the middle shoal, Nos.3 and 4 in the west shoal and No. 5 locates to the south of the estuary. The AVS content in the sediments of the middle shoal varies in a small range (0.25–4.06 μmol g⁻¹), while that of west shoal increases with depth from 0 to ultimately 26.09 μmol g⁻¹. The SEM concentration in the sediment profiles at location Nos. 1, 2 and 5 is generally in the range of 0.95±0.2 μmol g⁻¹ with a slight upward increase, while that in the sediment of west shallows are much higher (1.43–2.42 μmol g⁻¹) with a significant upward increase, especially in the upper layer of ca. 15 cm. The observed upward increase of SEM content at all the sites implies that heavy metal contamination of sediment in the Pearl River estuary is increasing. Calculations of the excess heavy metal content which is defined by SEM-AVS molar difference suggests that the upper sediment in the Pearl River estuary, especially on the west shallows, could be a source of heavy metal contaminants and may cause toxicity to the benthos. The site-specific distribution patterns in the AVS and SEM profiles were interpreted according to the hydrogeochemistry of deposition environments.     

Role of surface functionality in the adsorption of anionic dyes on modified polymeric sorbents

While synthetic polymeric sorbents effectively treat dye wastewaters by adsorption, the underlying mechanisms remain to be understood. This work determined the adsorption of an anionic dye by three polymers differing significantly in surface functionality. Surface functional groups of polymers were indicated in FTIR spectra and quantified by the Boehm titration. In reference to the commercial sorbent XAD-4 with a low degree of functionality, the laboratory synthesized NG-8 had primarily acidic functional groups, whereas its aminated product MN-8 had mainly basic amino groups. Electrophoresis determined the points of zero charge of 4.18, 3.23, and 4.51 for XAD-4, NG-8, and MN-8, respectively. The adsorption of Reactive Black 5 dye (RB5) by all the sorbents on a unit surface area basis increased with decreasing pH. At the same low pH (4.40), the adsorption by NG-8 was similar to that by XAD-4, indicating little influence of protonated (neutral) surface functional groups. In contrast, the adsorption by NG-8 at pH 6.05 was 75% lower than that by XAD-4, resulting apparently from the strong electrostatic repulsion between RB5 and deprotonated (negative) groups. Amination substantially enhanced RB5 adsorption by eliminating acidic groups and creating a positive charge on the surface of MN-8. The adsorptive enhancement was also achieved in the presence of CaCl2, due presumably to the neutralization of negative surface charge by Ca2+ and the RB5-Ca2+ pairing. These results manifest the important role of surface functionality in the adsorption of dyes by synthetic polymers.     

二氯异氰脲酸钠和三氯异氰脲酸对棕囊藻细胞去除的研究

研究了二氯异氰脲酸钠和三氯异氰脲酸对球形棕囊藻的灭杀和控制作用,及其投药时间对除藻效果的影响,并比较2种药剂的除藻效果,初步探讨了除藻机理.结果表明,这2种除藻剂可以缓释次氯酸,提高其稳定性,有较长的药效期.当有效氯浓度达到4.5mg/L时,2种药剂均能有效地控制和灭杀球形棕囊藻,具有高效、低毒的优点.有效氯浓度为5.0mg/L,藻细胞去除率在24h可达到90%以上.在等于和大于5.0mg/L有效氯浓度时,三氯异氰脲酸的除藻效果优于二氯异氰脲酸钠,通过对2种药剂除藻率的t检验进一步证实了这一结论.