溴氨酸降解菌株的分离鉴定及特性研究

从污泥样品中分离得到一株溴氨酸降解菌,该菌株能够以溴氨酸为唯一碳、氮源及能源生长.通过形态、生理生化特性分析以及对16SrDNA序列进行同源比较,鉴定该菌株属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属,定名为Sphingomonasxenophaga .菌株的最适降解与生长条件为:pH =7 0 ,温度3 0℃,转速15 0r·min- 1 ,接种量8% .在最佳条件下,溴氨酸的降解率可达90 %以上,菌株可耐受的溴氨酸浓度为10 0 0mg·L- 1 .通过分析菌株对水杨酸、邻苯二酚及邻苯二甲酸的利用情况,推测该菌株可能通过邻苯二酚的代谢途径降解溴氨酸.     

核电厂凝结水精处理后置过滤器设置必要性分析

核电厂尤其是AP1000核电厂对二回路水质中的SO2-4控制非常严格,而精处理系统破碎树脂泄漏到二回路中高温分解是引起二回路SO2-4超标的一个重要原因。为了减少破碎树脂泄漏量,提出在精处理系统的混床后设置后置过滤器,并对后置过滤器设置的必要性进行了分析,为核电厂精处理系统的设计提供参考。     

改性木屑对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

在木屑上接枝季氨基团制备了改性木屑,并用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征。通过静态实验研究了改性木屑对水溶液中六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性,并探讨了温度、p H、多组分共存离子等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附容量为218.33 mg/g,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。在p H为3~10时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)均有显著的吸附效能,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,反应活化能为21.71 k J/mol,对吸附热力学参数△G0、△H0和△S0的计算表明,吸附过程是吸热的自发过程。多组分干扰离子共存时,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大。     

基于数据库的农业非点源污染最佳管理措施效率评估工具构建

针对流域非点源污染的关键源区,配置最佳管理措施（BMPs,Best Management Practices）是非点源污染控制的有效途径.然而,受限于研究成本和不同地区自然地理条件的差异性,通过实地监测对BMPs削减效率进行评估的研究案例还不多见.多数相关研究仅关注单一类型BMPs的效率评估,使得研究成果仅仅适用于某些特定区域.对BMPs的潜在效益进行评估,可通过收集不同区域内BMPs的削减效率信息来实现.本文采用基于文献的BMPs效率评估方法,通过整理国内154篇关于BMPs研究的文献信息,建立适用于农业流域非点源污染控制的BMPs数据库.在此基础上,采用VBA（Visual Basic for Applications）和SQL（Structured Query Language）程序语言构建BMPs削减效率评估工具箱.该工具箱适用于非点源污染控制措施削减效率的评估,能够根据不同研究区特征,给出目标BMPs的污染负荷削减量,从而为BMPs的优选提供定量依据.以密云水库上游蛇鱼川小流域为案例研究区,根据该流域的非点源污染特征,对拟采用的BMPs进行评估,结果表明：草型植物篱、25 m河岸缓冲带、河岸带畜禽活动护栏以及集中放牧等措施控制效率最高.     

Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

微宇宙系统中氯苯的生物强化处理

将分离出的一株降解氯苯的高效土著菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus和自然材料组成微宇宙系统,通过改变系统组成、重金属和营养物添加水平、悬浮物浓度以及温度,研究了系统中氯苯的去除机制.结果表明,微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除主要是加入菌株的降解作用;加入降解菌后,8d内系统中氯苯的去除率可达到98.3%.底泥和光照对微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除具有明显的促进作用(p0.05).悬浮物在实验前期对氯苯的去除产生明显的促进作用.微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除率随着温度的升高而增加,30.0℃条件下培养7d后,氯苯的去除率可达95.4%;10.0℃和15.0℃下培养14d后,氯苯的去除率分别为43.4%和68.5%.营养盐加入比例达1.0%时,可明显促进氯苯的去除.Cd2+和Hg2+浓度达到10.0mg·L-1时,可对系统中氯苯的去除率产生显著(p0.05、p0.01)降低作用.研究结果可为突发性事故造成的氯苯污染水体的微生物修复提供基本的理论和实践依据.     

太湖不同湖区蓝藻细胞裂解速率的空间差异

2009年在太湖蓝藻水华形成初期(五月)、盛发期(九月)和衰亡期(十月和十一月),运用基于颗粒态酯酶,溶解性酯酶以及酯酶衰变常数测定的酯酶活性方法对不同湖区(藻型和草型湖区)蓝藻的细胞裂解速率进行了计算,在测定颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性时,同步分析了太湖优势种群中蓝藻叶绿素a的含量.统计分析结果表明,叶绿素a的浓度与颗粒态酯酶、溶解性酯酶活性有很好的相关性,说明以酯酶活性为指标来计算太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率是可行的.对不同湖区的细胞裂解速率进行比较,可见湖心和西太湖在蓝藻水华形成初期细胞裂解速率分别为0.072,0.048d-1.水华盛发期以及水华衰亡期,湖心和西太湖的细胞裂解速率分别为0.074～0.770d-1,0.014～0.110d-1.太湖湖心磷酸盐浓度比西太湖低,所以蓝藻生长速率慢,导致细胞裂解速率比西太湖高.但是,在梅梁湾和贡湖,衰亡末期磷酸盐浓度比其它月份高,细胞裂解速率也高.4个采样点在衰亡末期的细胞裂解速率比水华形成初期,暴发期和衰亡初期要高,可能的原因是气温和水体温度下降导致蓝藻生长速度减慢.本研究结果表明,太湖蓝藻细胞裂解速率有明显的空间差异,其具体的影响因素很多,营养盐只是其中一个.     

淀山湖沉积物重金属分布特征及其与底栖动物的关系

采用X-ray荧光光谱法测定了淀山湖沉积物中17种重金属元素的含量,分析了各元素的空间分布特征,并采用Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn6种重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明：沉积物中重金属含量大小顺序为：Al〉Fe〉K〉Na〉Ca〉Mg〉Ti〉Mn〉Zr〉Zn〉Sr〉Rb〉Cu〉C...     

芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的模拟去除及纳污量核算

通过原状芦苇土柱灌溉鸭粪废水的室内模拟试验,探讨了芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化规律,并估算了芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量.结果表明,不同浓度的养鸭废水对芦苇的生物量影响不同,低、中、高浓度处理下芦苇生物量分别较对照增长36.1%、24.4%、24.3%;不同时期湿地系统对COD的净化效果不同,生长期要明显好于抽穗期和开花期;同一时期不同浓度处理条件下芦苇湿地系统对COD的净化效果亦存在明显差异,高浓度处理下湿地系统对废水中COD的去除率明显高于低浓度和中浓度处理.芦苇湿地系统对鸭粪废水中COD的净化可以用指数方程表示,而且在相同进水浓度下,降解常数(k)与温度成线性关系.高浓度处理条件下,估算出白洋淀芦苇湿地系统对COD的最大纳污量约为26629t·a-1.