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41.
Several species of sandy beach invertebrates regularly switch between burial in the sand during the day and surface activity
at night to feed on stranded organic matter. Because all species consume essentially the same type of food (i.e., wrack) deposited
over a restricted area, the potential for competition exists. Conversely, spatial and temporal segregation of surface activity
behaviour is predicted to allow for niche separation. Here, we tested whether such behavioural niche separation occurs in
three species of sympatric crustaceans (the talitrid amphipods Talitrus saltator (Montagu 1808) and Talorchestia brito Stebbing 1891, and the oniscoidean isopod Tylos europaeus Arcangeli 1938). We also assessed whether surface activity is modulated by weather, sea conditions and moon phases. Surface
activity was measured over three consecutive moon phases on an exposed beach on the Atlantic Coast of Spain using pitfall
traps along three transects from the foredunes to the swash. Adults of the amphipod T. saltator and the isopod T. europaeus overlapped spatially and temporally in their surface activity for most of the night. By contrast, the activity of T. brito was strongly disjunct in time and concentrated into significantly shorter bouts around dawn or dusk. Niche differentiation
was also evident along the space axis, where T. brito occurred distinctly lower on the beach. Although several environmental factors (e.g., air and sand temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction) were correlated with surface activity, this was highly variable amongst
species, life stages, and synodic phases, and did not obscure the fundamental mosaic of spatio-temporal heterogeneity amongst
species. Nocturnal feeding on beach wrack creates the potential for competition amongst sympatric crustaceans which can, however,
be mitigated by behaviour patterns that separate consumers in time and space. 相似文献
42.
Arturo Ruiz-Luna Rafael Bautista Bautista Rafael Hernández-Guzmán Vera Camacho-Valdez 《Local Environment》2013,18(5):458-472
ABSTRACTExtent and distribution of urban green spaces (UGS) in Mazatlan (Mexico) are analysed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Vegetated areas (2,270?ha), a third of the urban area in 2015, were reclassified into green spaces (GS), urban tree (UT) and open spaces (OS), based in the normalised difference vegetation index, relating them with demographic and socioeconomic data. UGS allocation per capita amount 55?m2, mainly represented by the UT class, with the largest patches associated with low developed and very high marginalised areas, and also with very low marginalised sectors, while the lowest allocation correspond to medium and low marginalisation, highly populated sector, without significant correlations. Despite the USG allocation, it is required a better urban planning to maintain public UGS and to protect the local flora, threatened by the introduction of exotic, ornamental species (64% of UT), to guarantee the provision of ecosystem services to the population. 相似文献
43.
Recent research has explored the role of environmental inequalities in explaining health disparities, especially in urban environments. This paper investigates the role of the landlord in shaping indoor environmental injustices. Specifically, we rely on interview data from low-income parents in South Phoenix, AZ, with elementary-aged children with asthma. We found families living in poor quality rental housing that impacted children's breathing. Landlords were directly involved in keeping the homes in poor condition, even when asked by the tenant to fix the property, and immigrants were especially at risk. In general, relationships between landlords and tenants were unequal and coloured by the tenant's poverty and fears of eviction. Among the immigrant tenants, many had accompanying fears of authorities and deportation. The cycle of fear, poverty, and a lack of power compounded as tenants were hesitant to report problems, which reinforced the power of the landlord over the tenant and did nothing to improve living conditions. Recognising the role of landlords in creating substandard housing conditions is important as they represent a group that can be targeted for interventions. 相似文献
44.
The present study provides the longest and most intensive plankton and larval fish seasonal variability analysis in the Canary
Islands and forms a basis for understanding life cycle scheduling and interactions among species, as well as the potential
variability in transport processes of early life stages. Larval fish assemblages were studied weekly at Gran Canaria Island,
Canary Islands, from January 2005 to June 2007, which represented two contrasting hydrological and biological periods. The
former year was characterized by lower temperature and salinity that increased through 2006 and 2007. In contrast, chlorophyll
concentration and mesozooplankton biomass decreased through the same period, especially when only the late winter bloom period
was evaluated. However, ichthyoplankton abundance did not exhibit any clear pattern, as larger values were observed during
2006. The larval fish community of this oceanic island, located near the NW African upwelling, was composed of both neritic
and oceanic taxa. Two families accounted for almost half of the collected larvae: Clupeidae (21.9%) and Myctophidae (20.5%).
Although total larval concentration did not exhibit any seasonal peak linked to changes in zooplankton, the ichthyoplankton
composition gradually changed during the year due to the high diversity and extended spawning periods of the fish species
represented in samples. “Winter” and “summer” larval assemblages were identified, corresponding to the mixing and stratification
periods of the water column, respectively. These assemblages were characterized by changes in the contribution of the most
abundant annual taxa (Sardinella aurita,
Cyclothone braueri, Ceratoscopelus spp. and Gobids) and by the presence of larvae of winter (Pagellus bogaraveo, Pomacentridae sp1) or summer spawners (Pomacentridae sp2, Trachinus draco, Arnoglossus thori, Tetraodontidae sp1). Upwelling filaments shed from the NW African coast reached the sampling area three times during this
study, but changes in the local larval community were only detected in August 2005. 相似文献
45.
M. Javier Klaich Paul G. KinasSusana N. Pedraza Mariano A. Coscarella Enrique A. Crespo 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(15):2642-2650
In animal behaviour studies, association indices estimate the proportion of time two individuals (i.e. a dyad) spend in association. In terms of dyads, all association indices can be interpreted as estimators of the probability that a dyad is associated. However, traditional indices rely on the assumptions that the probability to detect a particular individual (p) is either approximately one and/or homogeneous between associated and not associated individuals. Based on marked individuals we develop a likelihood based model to estimate the probability a dyad is associated (ψ) accounting for p < 1 and possibly varying between associated and not associated individuals. The proposed likelihood based model allows for both individual and dyadic missing observations. In addition, the model can easily be extended to incorporate covariate information for modeling p and ψ. A simulation study showed that the likelihood based model approach yield reasonably unbiased estimates, even for low and heterogeneous individual detection probabilities, while, in contrast, traditional indices showed moderate to strong biases. The application of the proposed approach is illustrated using a real data set collected from a population of Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) in Patagonia Argentina. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of the proposed model and its applicability in animal behaviour and ecological studies. 相似文献
46.
Hernández-Sancho F Molinos-Senante M Sala-Garrido R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(12):3448-3459
Efficiency and productivity are important measures for identifying best practice in businesses and optimising resource-use. This study analyses how these two measures change across the period 2003-2008 for 196 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Spain, by using the benchmarking methods of Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Productivity Index. To identify which variables contribute to the sustainability of the WWTPs, differences in efficiency scores and productivity indices for external factors are also investigated. Our results indicate that both efficiency and productivity decreased over the five years. We verify that the productivity drop is primarily explained by technical change. Furthermore, certain external variables affected WWTP efficiency, including plant size, treatment technology and energy consumption. However, plants with low energy consumption are the only ones which improve their productivity. Finally, the benchmarking analyses proved to be useful as management tools in the wastewater sector, by providing vital information for improving the sustainability of plants. 相似文献
47.
Guimarães Tábata C. Araújo Everton S. Hernández-Macedo María Lucila López Jorge A. 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(7):2669-2684
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - In recent decades, the global accumulation of plastics and the resulting pollution, as well as the increase in the price of oil, have driven studies aimed... 相似文献
48.
Hazel A. Jackson Lawrence Percival-Alwyn Camilla Ryan Mohammed F. Albeshr Luca Venturi Hernán E. Morales Thomas C. Mathers Jonathan Cocker Samuel A. Speak Gonzalo G. Accinelli Tom Barker Darren Heavens Faye Willman Deborah Dawson Lauren Ward Vikash Tatayah Nicholas Zuël Richard Young Lianne Concannon Harriet Whitford Bernardo Clavijo Nancy Bunbury Kevin M. Tyler Kevin Ruhomaun Molly K. Grace Michael W. Bruford Carl G. Jones Simon Tollington Diana J. Bell Jim J. Groombridge Matt Clark Cock Van Oosterhout 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13918
The pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) is an endemic species of Mauritius that has made a remarkable recovery after a severe population bottleneck in the 1970s to early 1990s. Prior to this bottleneck, an ex situ population was established from which captive-bred individuals were released into free-living subpopulations to increase population size and genetic variation. This conservation rescue led to rapid population recovery to 400–480 individuals, and the species was twice downlisted on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. We analyzed the impacts of the bottleneck and genetic rescue on neutral genetic variation during and after population recovery (1993–2008) with restriction site-associated sequencing, microsatellite analyses, and quantitative genetic analysis of studbook data of 1112 birds from zoos in Europe and the United States. We used computer simulations to study the predicted changes in genetic variation and population viability from the past into the future. Genetic variation declined rapidly, despite the population rebound, and the effective population size was approximately an order of magnitude smaller than census size. The species carried a high genetic load of circa 15 lethal equivalents for longevity. Our computer simulations predicted continued inbreeding will likely result in increased expression of deleterious mutations (i.e., a high realized load) and severe inbreeding depression. Without continued conservation actions, it is likely that the pink pigeon will go extinct in the wild within 100 years. Conservation rescue of the pink pigeon has been instrumental in the recovery of the free-living population. However, further genetic rescue with captive-bred birds from zoos is required to recover lost variation, reduce expression of harmful deleterious variation, and prevent extinction. The use of genomics and modeling data can inform IUCN assessments of the viability and extinction risk of species, and it helps in assessments of the conservation dependency of populations. 相似文献
49.
Soares Laene Oliveira de Moraes Danielle Rodrigues Hernández-Callejo Luis Boloy Ronney Arismel Mancebo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(49):74346-74364
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper discussed the possibility of replacing the internal combustion engine of the series plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powered by... 相似文献
50.
Soil pollution with Cd is an environmental problem common in the world, and it is necessary to establish what Cd concentrations
in soil could be dangerous to its fertility from toxicity effects and the risk of transference of this element to plants and
other organisms of the food chain. In this study, we assessed Cd toxicity on soil microorganisms and plants in two semiarid
soils (uncultivated and cultivated). Soil ATP content, dehydrogenase activity, and plant growth were measured in the two soils
spiked with concentrations ranging from 3 to 8000 mg Cd/kg soil and incubated for 3 h, 20 days, and 60 days. The Cd concentrations
that produced 5%; 10%;, and 50%; inhibition of each of the two soil microbiological parameter studied (ecological dose, ED,
values) were calculated using two different mathematical models. Also, the effect of Cd concentration on plant growth of ryegrass
(Lolium perenne, L.) was studied in the two soils. The Cd ED values calculated for soil dehydrogenase activity and ATP content were higher
in the agricultural soils than in the bare soil. For ATP inhibition, higher ED values were calculated than for dehydrogenase
activity inhibition. The average yields of ryegrass were reduced from 5.03 to 3.56 g in abandoned soil and from 4.21 to 1.15
g in agricultural soil with increasing concentrations of Cd in the soil. Plant growth was totally inhibited in abandoned and
agricultural soils at Cd concentrations above 2000 and 5000 mg/kg soil, respectively. There was a positive correlation between
the concentration of Cd in the plants and the total or DTPA-extractable concentrations of Cd in the soil. 相似文献