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51.
52.
Pekka Pamilo 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1990,27(1):31-36
Summary Sex allocation theory is developed for polygynous eusocial Hymenoptera in which nests recruit their own daughters as new reproductive queens. Such restricted dispersal of females leads to the expectation of male-biased investment ratios. The expectation depends on the parameter q telling what proportion of the total contribution in the gene pool by all new queens is due to those dispersing. Under queen control the expected sex allocation, expressed as the proportion of resources invested in males, is IM =1/(1 + q). Under worker control, IM depends on the relatedness of old queens, on the number of males they have mated with, and on the proportion of males produced by workers. With single mating and no worker reproduction, the approximate predictions for IM are 1/(1 + q) when the nests have many highly related queens, 1/(1 + 2 q) when the old queens are as related as average worker nest mates, and 1/(1 + 3q) when the old queens are not related to each other at all. The observed investment ratios in polygynous ants would, on average, match values of the parameter q between 0.4 and 0.5. Values of q have not been estimated in nature. If q is smaller than 0.4, which may well be true, the observed sex allocation in polygynous ants is in fact more female-biased than predicted by the theory. This indicates that the female bias found in monogynous ants may not be exceptional and could be due to factors other than worker control of sex allocation. Because the value of q is likely to vary among species, testing the predictions of the theory requires thorough single-species studies. 相似文献
53.
Rask M Saxén R Ruuhijärvi J Arvola L Järvinen M Koskelainen U Outola I Vuorinen PJ 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2012,103(1):41-47
We summarize the patterns of 137Cs activity concentrations and transfer into fish and other biota in four small forest lakes in southern Finland during a twenty-year period following the Chernobyl accident in April 1986. The results from summer 1986 showed fastest accumulation of 137Cs into planktivorous fishes, i.e. along the shortest food chains. Since 1987, the highest annual mean values of 137Cs have been recorded in fish occupying the highest trophic levels, for perch (Perca fluviatilis) 13,600 Bq/kg (ww) and for pike (Esox lucius) 20,700 Bq/kg (ww). At the same time, activity concentrations of 137Cs in crustacean zooplankton and Asellus aquaticus have ranged between 1000 and 19,500 Bq/kg (dw). In 2006, 5-28% of the 1987 137Cs activity concentration levels were still present in perch and pike. Since 1989 their 137Cs activity concentrations in oligohumic seepage lakes have remained significantly higher than in polyhumic drainage lakes due to the increased transfer of 137Cs into fish in the seepage lakes with lower electrolyte concentrations, longer water retention times and lower sedimentation rate. 相似文献
54.
Iftekhar Sidra Heidari Golnaz Amanat Neda Zare Ehsan Nazarzadeh Asif Muhammad Bilal Hassanpour Mahnaz Lehto Vesa Pekka Sillanpaa Mika 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2022,20(6):3697-3746
Environmental Chemistry Letters - The demand for valuable metals such as rare earth elements and platinum group metals is rising fast in the context of the depletion of natural resources... 相似文献