浅谈如何有效改善城乡声环境质量

改善声环境质量的迫切性和重要性;阐述了防治噪声污染、改善声环境质量的途径与措施.     

浅析水体富营养化的生态修复技术

通过对目前国内外针对湖泊富营养化的恢复技术的分析,提出水体富营养化生态修复技术存在的问题,提出了水体富营养化生态修复的设想.     

硫化钠处理含汞废水

为了消除汞污染,采用硫化钠沉淀含汞废水。研究结果表明,出水中汞的含量小于国家规定的排放标准（0.05mg/L）,沉渣体积小,且化学稳定性很好,易处置。此法具有工艺简单,操作方便,反应速度快,沉淀效率高,随废水中含汞浓度的高低投加不同量的硫化钠,根据废水量的大小,可连续处理和间歇处理,处理费用低等优点。该法可在中小型化工行业中推广应用。     

Mechanism and characterization of microplastic aging process: A review

● Methods for estimating the aging of environmental micro-plastics were highlighted. ● Aging pathways & characterization methods of microplastics were related and reviewed. ● Possible approaches to reduce the contamination of microplastics were proposed. ● The prospect and deficiency of degradable plastics were analyzed. With the increasing production of petroleum-based plastics, the problem of environmental pollution caused by plastics has aroused widespread concern. Microplastics, which are formed by the fragmentation of macro plastics, are bio-accumulate easily due to their small size and slow degradation under natural conditions. The aging of plastics is an inevitable process for their degradation and enhancement of adsorption performance toward pollutants due to a series of changes in their physiochemical properties, which significantly increase the toxicity and harm of plastics. Therefore, studies should focus on the aging process of microplastics through reasonable characterization methods to promote the aging process and prevent white pollution. This review summarizes the latest progress in natural aging process and characterization methods to determine the natural aging mechanism of microplastics. In addition, recent advances in the artificial aging of microplastic pollutants are reviewed. The degradation status and by-products of biodegradable plastics in the natural environment and whether they can truly solve the plastic pollution problem have been discussed. Findings from the literature pointed out that the aging process of microplastics lacks professional and exclusive characterization methods, which include qualitative and quantitative analyses. To lessen the toxicity of microplastics in the environment, future research directions have been suggested based on existing problems in the current research. This review could provide a systematic reference for in-depth exploration of the aging mechanism and behavior of microplastics in natural and artificial systems.     

Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai,China

● A systematic framework was developed to identify i-PPCPs for landfill leachate. ● The wide-scope target analysis offered a basis for comprehensive i-PPCP screening. ● Source-specificity and representativeness analysis helped to refine i-PPCPs. ● Erythromycin, gemfibrozil and albendazole were identified as i-PPCPs for leachate. Identifying potential sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is critical for the effective control of PPCP contamination. Landfill leachate is an important source of PPCPs in water; however, it has barely been involved in source apportionment due to the lack of indicator-PPCPs (i-PPCPs) in landfill leachates. This study provides the first systematic framework for identifying i-PPCPs for landfill leachates based on the wide-scope target monitoring of PPCPs. The number of target PPCPs increased from < 20 in previous studies to 68 in the present study. Fifty-nine PPCPs were detected, with median concentrations in leachate samples ranging from below the method quantification limit (MQL) to 41 μg/L, and 19 of them were rarely reported previously. A total of 29 target compounds were determined to be PPCPs of high concern by principal component analysis according to multiple criteria, including occurrence, exposure potential, and ecological effect. Coupled with source-specificity and representativeness analysis, erythromycin, gemfibrozil, and albendazole showed a significant difference in their occurrence in leachate compared to other potential sources (untreated and treated municipal wastewater and livestock wastewater) and correlated with total PPCP concentrations; these were recommended as i-PPCPs for leachates. Indicator screening procedure can be used to develop a sophisticated source apportionment method to identify sources of PPCPs from adjacent landfills.     

基于机器学习的大气PM2.5中金属浓度预测模型的研究

基于2013—2018年哈尔滨市气象数据、大气污染物数据和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中金属成分数据,采用机器学习方法探索大气PM_2.5中金属浓度预测模型,并选择最优模型进行污染物浓度预测。结果表明,多元线性回归（MLR）、人工神经网络（BP-ANN）、支持向量机（SVM）和随机森林（RF）4种模型中,RF对大气PM_2.5中5种金属［锑（Sb）、砷（As）、铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、铊（Tl）］的浓度预测效果最佳,在训练集和测试集中表现均较稳定,其中相关系数（r）均＞0.7, 平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）数值较小。RF在大气PM_2.5中金属浓度预测上具有较好的表现,可在缺乏监测和实验数据的情况下,实现对大气颗粒物中金属浓度的快速预测,为全面了解颗粒物中金属污染特征提供数据基础。     

油田化学品的环境和生态毒理行为

综述了近年来在油田化学品的环境行为和生态毒理学方面的研究成果和发展趋势。根据油田化学品的使用、分类及相关标准,对油田化学品的性质、降解性、环境行为以及生态毒性行为进行了分析和研究,提出了其环境安全问题和今后研究方向,为以后对于油田化学品的研究与应用提供了充分的参考和依据。     

块石空间定向性对土石混合体力学性质的影响

土石混合体作为一种土和石的特殊混合体,其宏观变形破坏及力学性质与块石的空间定向性密切相关。为了研究块石定向性对土石混合体变形破坏机理的影响,采用二维颗粒流软件中FISH语言编写算法生成不同角度的椭圆形块石,建立土石混合体二维颗粒流数值模型,分别进行了单块石和多块石条件下土石混合体双轴试验数值模拟,对其变形破坏机理进行了深入分析。结果表明:块石角度不同时,土体中裂纹萌生位置不同;随着块石短轴方向与最大主压力轴夹角增大,土石混合体黏聚力先减小后增加,内摩擦逐渐减小;在应力峰值前的应力平缓增长阶段,土体中裂纹迅速增长,在试样强度达到峰值后进入残余强度阶段,裂纹的增速也逐渐降低;块石角度不同时,土石混合体的剪切带破坏形式不同。     

不同老化时间的TiO_2纳米颗粒对玉米生长的影响

为探讨老化时间对TiO_2纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)生物有效性的影响,研究了不同老化时间的Ti O_2NPs(0~120 d)对玉米幼苗生长的影响、在玉米体内的吸收及其在植株不同部位的存在位点等。研究发现,不同浓度的TiO_2NPs(1 000 mg·kg~(-1)和2 000 mg·kg~(-1))加入到土壤中,对玉米幼苗干鲜重没有明显的影响,但老化时间小于60 d时,对玉米幼苗株高有一定的抑制效应,老化60 d之后,随着老化时间的继续延长,毒性逐渐降低,最后趋于稳定。老化60 d时,TiO_2NPs处理的玉米幼苗根冠增大,玉米幼苗体内产生H2O_2的累积。在Ti O_2老化土壤中生长的玉米幼苗根系和地上部均有Ti的累积,1 000 mg·kg~(-1)的TiO_2NPs在玉米幼苗根部的生物累积系数达到35.4%,在地上部为13.6%,在玉米植株体内的转运系数为0.38;通过TEM观察,TiO_2NPs可以进入到玉米幼苗体内,并存在于根细胞的细胞质和叶绿体膜上,在叶片细胞的液泡和细胞核中也发现有TiO_2NPs的存在。上述研究结果为客观评价TiO_2NPs的生态风险提供了有用信息。