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481.
Francesca Romana Grati Denise Molina Gomes Jose Carlos Pinto B. Ferreira Celine Dupont Viola Alesi Laetitia Gouas Nina Horelli-Kuitunen Kwong Wai Choy Sandra García-Herrero Alberto Gonzalez de la Vega Krzysztof Piotrowski Rita Genesio Gloria Queipo Barbara Malvestiti Bérénice Hervé Brigitte Benzacken Antonio Novelli Philippe Vago Kirsi Piippo Tak Yeung Leung Federico Maggi Thibault Quibel Anne Claude Tabet Giuseppe Simoni François Vialard 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(8):801-809
482.
Cell-to-cell communication is a prerequisite for differentiation and development in multicellular organisms. This communication has to be tightly regulated to ensure that cellular components such as organelles, macromolecules, hormones, or viruses leave the cell in a precisely organized way. During evolution, plants, animals, and fungi have developed similar ways of responding to this biological challenge. For example, in higher plants, plasmodesmata connect adjacent cells and allow communication to regulate differentiation and development. In animals, two main general structures that enable short- and long-range intercellular communication are known, namely gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, respectively. Finally, filamentous fungi have also developed specialized structures called septal pores that allow intercellular communication via cytoplasmic flow. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms for intercellular communication in these three eukaryotic groups and discusses its consequences for the regulation of differentiation and developmental processes. 相似文献
483.
Plant-trait-based modeling assessment of ecosystem-service sensitivity to land-use change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabien Quétier Sandra Lavorel Wilfried Thuiller Ian Davies 《Ecological applications》2007,17(8):2377-2386
Evidence is accumulating that the continued provision of essential ecosystem services is vulnerable to land-use change. Yet, we lack a strong scientific basis for this vulnerability as the processes that drive ecosystem-service delivery often remain unclear. In this paper, we use plant traits to assess ecosystem-service sensitivity to land-use change in subalpine grasslands. We use a trait-based plant classification (plant functional types, PFTs) in a landscape modeling platform to model community dynamics under contrasting but internally consistent land-use change scenarios. We then use predictive models of relevant ecosystem attributes, based on quantitative plant traits, to make projections of ecosystem-service delivery. We show that plant traits and PFTs are effective predictors of relevant ecosystem attributes for a range of ecosystem services including provisioning (fodder), cultural (land stewardship), regulating (landslide and avalanche risk), and supporting services (plant diversity). By analyzing the relative effects of the physical environment and land use on relevant ecosystem attributes, we also show that these ecosystem services are most sensitive to changes in grassland management, supporting current agri-environmental policies aimed at maintaining mowing of subalpine grasslands in Europe. 相似文献
484.
Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in air samples from Northwest Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barber JL Berger U Chaemfa C Huber S Jahnke A Temme C Jones KC 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):530-541
Air samples were collected from 4 field sites in Europe: 2 sites from the UK, Hazelrigg (semi-rural) and Manchester (urban); 1 site from Ireland: Mace Head (rural); and 1 site from Norway: Kjeller (rural). Additionally, air samples were taken from indoor locations in Troms?, Norway. Air samples were collected using high-volume air samplers employing sampling modules containing glass-fibre filters (GFFs, particle phase), and glass columns with a polyurethane foam (PUF)-XAD-2-PUF sandwich (gaseous phase). Typical outdoor air volumes required for the determination of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) ranged from 500-1800 m3. GFFs and PUF-XAD columns were analysed separately to obtain information on phase partitioning. All air samples were analysed for volatile, neutral PFAS, with selected GFF samples halved for analysis of both neutral and airborne particle-bound ionic PFAS. Volatile PFAS were extracted from air samples by cold-column immersion with ethyl acetate, and were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the positive chemical ionisation mode (GC-PCI-MS). Ionic PFAS were extracted from GFFs by sonication in methanol, and were analysed by liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) using electrospray ionisation in the negative ion mode (ESI-). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was often the predominant analyte found in the particulate phase at concentrations ranging from 1-818 pg m(-3), and 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) and 6:2 FTOH were the prevailing analytes found in the gas phase, at 5-243 pg m(-3) and 5-189 pg m(-3), respectively. These three PFAS were ubiquitous in air samples. Many other PFAS, both neutral and ionic, were also present, and levels of individual analytes were in the 1-125 pg m(-3) range. Levels of some PFAS exceeded those of traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, the presence of 12:2 FTOH and fluorotelomer olefins (FTolefins), and ionic PFAS other than perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA, are reported in air samples for the first time. Concentrations of neutral PFAS were several orders of magnitude higher in indoor air than outdoor air, making homes a likely important diffuse source of PFAS to the atmosphere. Our repeated findings of non-volatile ionic PFAS in air samples raises the possibility that they might directly undergo significant atmospheric transport on particles away from source regions, and more atmospheric measurements of ionic PFAS are strongly recommended. 相似文献
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489.
Lawrence GB Roy KM Baldigo BP Simonin HA Capone SB Sutherland JW Nierzwicki-Bauer SA Boylen CW 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(6):2264-2274
Limited information is available on streams in the Adirondack region of New York, although streams are more prone to acidification than the more studied Adirondack lakes. A stream assessment was therefore undertaken in the Oswegatchie and Black River drainages; an area of 4585 km(2) in the western part of the Adirondack region. Acidification was evaluated with the newly developed base-cation surplus (BCS) and the conventional acid-neutralizing capacity by Gran titration (ANC(G)). During the survey when stream water was most acidic (March 2004), 105 of 188 streams (56%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 29% were acidified based on an ANC(G) value < 0 microeq L(-1). During the survey when stream water was least acidic (August 2003), 15 of 129 streams (12%) were acidified based on the criterion of BCS < 0 microeq L(-1), whereas 5% were acidified based on ANC(G) value < 0 microeq L(-1). The contribution of acidic deposition to stream acidification was greater than that of strongly acidic organic acids in each of the surveys by factors ranging from approximately 2 to 5, but was greatest during spring snowmelt and least during elevated base flow in August. During snowmelt, the percentage attributable to acidic deposition was 81%, whereas during the October 2003 survey, when dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were highest, this percentage was 66%. The total length of stream reaches estimated to be prone to acidification was 718 km out of a total of 1237 km of stream reaches that were assessed. 相似文献
490.
The traditional method of identifying wildlife habitat distribution over large regions consists of pixel-based classification
of satellite images into a suite of habitat classes used to select suitable habitat patches. Object-based classification is
a new method that can achieve the same objective based on the segmentation of spectral bands of the image creating homogeneous
polygons with regard to spatial or spectral characteristics. The segmentation algorithm does not solely rely on the single
pixel value, but also on shape, texture, and pixel spatial continuity. The object-based classification is a knowledge base
process where an interpretation key is developed using ground control points and objects are assigned to specific classes
according to threshold values of determined spectral and/or spatial attributes. We developed a model using the eCognition
software to identify suitable habitats for the Grasshopper Sparrow, a rare and declining species found in southwestern Québec.
The model was developed in a region with known breeding sites and applied on other images covering adjacent regions where
potential breeding habitats may be present. We were successful in locating potential habitats in areas where dairy farming
prevailed but failed in an adjacent region covered by a distinct Landsat scene and dominated by annual crops. We discuss the
added value of this method, such as the possibility to use the contextual information associated to objects and the ability
to eliminate unsuitable areas in the segmentation and land cover classification processes, as well as technical and logistical
constraints. A series of recommendations on the use of this method and on conservation issues of Grasshopper Sparrow habitat
is also provided. 相似文献