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91.
92.
Of the recent sauropsid skin appendage types, only feathers develop from a cylindrical epidermal invagination, the follicle, and show hierarchical branching. Fossilized integuments of Mesozoic diapsids have been interpreted as follicular and potential feather homologues, an idea particularly controversially discussed for the elongate dorsal skin projections of the small diapsid Longisquama insignis from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan. Based on new finds and their comparison with the type material, we show that Longisquama's appendages consist of a single-branched internal frame enclosed by a flexible outer membrane. Not supporting a categorization either as feathers or as scales, our analysis demonstrates that the Longisquama appendages formed in a two-stage, feather-like developmental process, representing an unusual early example for the evolutionary plasticity of sauropsid integument. 相似文献
93.
Andrea Meyn Sebastian Schmidtlein Stephen W. Taylor Martin P. Girardin Kirsten Thonicke Wolfgang Cramer 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(1):165-177
Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units. 相似文献
94.
Paul Upham Katinka Johansen Paula Maria Bögel Stephen Axon Jennifer Garard Sebastian Carney 《Local Environment》2018,23(9):912-919
Public engagement in local environmental planning and decision-making is often advocated on various grounds, both instrumental and normative. Yet in developed countries in the context of renewable energy infrastructure deployment, place attachment, place identity and place-protective action continue to be implicated in public objection. We set out an interdisciplinary change readiness hypothesis of specifically how local participatory scenario or visioning processes that include climate mitigation measures may support the mobilisation of place attachment for climate mitigation, including renewable energy deployment. We hypothesise that local visioning may support movement towards change readiness by helping to anchor unfamiliar social representations of low carbon energy infrastructure and new patterns of urban form in existing, more positive representations of localities and associated attachments. To this end, seeking ways to modify threat perceptions relating to climate change and renewable energy infrastructure is advocated as a key direction for study. 相似文献
95.
Andreas Schierling Karlheinz Seifert Sebastian R. Sinterhauf Julian B. Rieß Johanna C. Rupprecht Konrad Dettner 《Chemoecology》2013,23(1):45-57
The pygidial gland secretion of the rove beetle genera Stenus Latreille and Dianous Leach is composed of pyridine and piperidine-derived alkaloids and several terpene compounds. Two-choice bioassays with ants and fish, as well as agar diffusion assays, revealed that the secretion compounds are capable of deterring predators and protecting the beetles from infestation with microorganisms. In addition, the beetles use the secretion for rapid movements on the water surface, a process called skimming. Thus, originally developed to chemically defend the sensitive unprotected abdomen from predator attacks, the secretion of recent Steninae can be designated as multifunctional. Four of the alkaloid compounds occur as different configurational isomers in the secretion. Two-choice tests showed that ants discriminate between stereoisomers of stenusine, while there was no effect visible on bacteria in agar diffusion assays. Furthermore, there are evolutionary trends within the Steninae concerning the secretion composition, as some of the alkaloids primarily occur in phylogenetically basal species, while others are mainly restricted to derived species. 相似文献
96.
Sebastian?LeuzingerEmail author Bette?L.?Willis Kenneth?R.?N.?Anthony 《Marine Biology》2012,159(1):177-186
An organism’s pattern of resource allocation to reproduction and growth over time critically impacts on its lifetime reproductive
success. During times of low resource availability, there are two fundamental, mutually exclusive strategies of energy investment:
maintenance of somatic tissues to support survival and later reproduction or investment into an immediate reproductive event
at the risk of subsequent death. Here, we examine energy allocation patterns in the coral Montipora digitata to determine whether energy investment during periods of resource shortage favours growth or reproduction in a sessile, modular
marine species. We manipulated light regimes (two levels of shading) on plots within a shallow reef flat habitat (Orpheus
Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia) and quantified energy uptake (rates of net photosynthesis), energy investment into
reproduction (E
R
), tissue growth per unit surface area (E
T
) and energy channelled into calcification (E
C
). With declining resource availability (i.e. reduced photosynthesis), relative energy investment shifted from high (~80%)
allocation to tissue growth (E
R
:E
T
:E
C
= 11:81:8%) to an increasing proportion channelled into reproduction and skeletal growth (20:31:49%). At the lowest light
regime, calcification was maintained but reproduction was halted and thus energy content per unit surface area of tissue declined,
although no mortality was observed. The changing hierarchy in energy allocation among life functions with increasing resource
limitation found here for an autotrophic coral, culminating in cessation of reproduction when limitations are severe, stands
in contrast to observations from annual plants. However, the strategy may be optimal for maximising fitness components (growth,
reproduction and survival) through time in marine modular animals. 相似文献
97.
Häring Ivo Fehling-Kaschek Mirjam Miller Natalie Faist Katja Ganter Sebastian Srivastava Kushal Jain Aishvarya Kumar Fischer Georg Fischer Kai Finger Jörg Stolz Alexander Leismann Tobias Hiermaier Stefan Carli Marco Battisti Federica Makri Rodoula Celozzi Giuseppe Belesioti Maria Sfakianakis Evangelos Agrafioti Evita Chalkidou Anastasia Papadakis George Fuggini Clemente Bolletta Fabio Neri Alberto Giunta Guiseppe Scheithauer Hermann Höflinger Fabian Schott Dominik J. Schindelhauer Christian Köhler Sven Linkov Igor 《The Environmentalist》2021,41(2):286-329
Environment Systems and Decisions - Organizational and technical approaches have proven successful in increasing the performance and preventing risks at socio-technical systems at all scales.... 相似文献
98.
Sebastian U. Senger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(5):249-251
99.
It has been confirmed that the NOx-concentration in air is highest over industrial areas and that it decreases by more than 75%, parallel to traffic density, over urban areas as related to forested areas. A significant correlation excists between NO2-concentration and the parameters of “traffic density,” followed by “road density” and “number of inhabitants/km2” in urban areas. No positive correlation was found with the number of “registered cars” and the parameters of “land use”. In forested areas, the traffic density correlated with the NO2-concentration, but the correlation was not significant. The other parameters had no positive correlation with NO2-concentration. In forest, urban- and industrial-areas, the NOx-concentration in the air had a fairly constant ratio to traffic density. 相似文献
100.