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Jan Vicente Sven Zea Ryan J. Powell Joseph R. Pawlik Russell T. Hill 《Marine Biology》2014,161(12):2803-2818
Three new cases of sponge symbiosis between species of Plakortis and Xestospongia were found in reef caves and mesophotic reef habitats of the Caribbean. Plakortis sp. 1 from the Bahamas associates exclusively with Xestospongia deweerdtae which was originally described living freely on the deep fore-reef and caves of Jamaica. In addition, we found Plakortis sp. 2 from Puerto Rico which associates with both X. deweerdtae and a different Xestospongia sp. Sponge specimens were identified using cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequence fragments, spicule analysis, and histological sections with SEM. Unlike previous sponge pairs, Xestospongia spp. not only grew as a thin veneer of tissue over the Plakortis host sponge but through the mesohyl, forming inner channels (0.1–1 cm) that may provide a benefit by facilitating more efficient water transport through the dense Plakortis tissue. Symbioses with both Plakortis spp. were documented from an early recruit stage through adulthood. Spicule measurements conducted on symbiotic versus free-living X. deweerdtae revealed significantly smaller spicule sizes for symbiotic individuals, suggesting a cost in terms of silicon availability, or a benefit in terms of a lower investment in skeleton synthesis for support. This study reveals new specialized symbiotic associations between distantly related sponge genera that likely represent an alternative strategy of adaptation for life in reef caves and mesophotic reefs. 相似文献
84.
Häring Ivo Fehling-Kaschek Mirjam Miller Natalie Faist Katja Ganter Sebastian Srivastava Kushal Jain Aishvarya Kumar Fischer Georg Fischer Kai Finger Jörg Stolz Alexander Leismann Tobias Hiermaier Stefan Carli Marco Battisti Federica Makri Rodoula Celozzi Giuseppe Belesioti Maria Sfakianakis Evangelos Agrafioti Evita Chalkidou Anastasia Papadakis George Fuggini Clemente Bolletta Fabio Neri Alberto Giunta Guiseppe Scheithauer Hermann Höflinger Fabian Schott Dominik J. Schindelhauer Christian Köhler Sven Linkov Igor 《The Environmentalist》2021,41(2):286-329
Environment Systems and Decisions - Organizational and technical approaches have proven successful in increasing the performance and preventing risks at socio-technical systems at all scales.... 相似文献
85.
Martin?OlofssonEmail author Sven?Jakobsson Christer?Wiklund 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(2):209-215
Morphological and behavioural traits can serve as anti-predator defence either by reducing detection or recognition risks,
or by thwarting initiated attacks. The latter defence is secondary and often involves a ‘startle display’ comprising a sudden
release of signals targeting more than one sensory modality. A suggested candidate for employing a multimodal defence is the
peacock butterfly, Inachis io, which, by wing-flicking suddenly, produces sonic and ultrasonic sounds and displays four large eyespots when attacked. The
eyespots make small birds retreat, but whether the sounds produced thwart predator attacks is largely unknown. Peacocks hibernate
as adults in dark wintering sites and employ their secondary defence upon encounter with small rodent predators during this
period. In this study, we staged predator–prey encounters in complete darkness in the laboratory between wild mice, Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus, and peacocks which had their sound production intact or disabled. Results show that mice were more likely to flee from sound-producing
butterflies than from butterflies which had their sound production disabled. Our study presents experimental evidence that
the peacock butterfly truly employs a multimodal defence with different traits targeting different predator groups; the eyespots
target birds and the sound production targets small rodent predators. 相似文献
86.
Claire C. Vos Merel M. Van der Wal Paul F. M. Opdam Ingrid Coninx Art R. P. J. Dewulf Eveliene G. Steingröver Sven Stremke 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(7):2033-2045
A key issue in implementing adaptation strategies at the landscape level is that landowners take measures on their land collectively. We explored the role of information in collective decision-making in a landscape planning process in the Baakse Beek region, the Netherlands. Information was provided on (a) the degree to which measures contribute to multiple purposes, (b) whether they are beneficial to stakeholders representing different sectors of land use, and (c) the need for landscape-level implementation of adaptation measures. Our analysis suggests that the negotiation process resulted in collective decisions for more collaborative adaptation measures than could be expected from individual preferences previous to the planning session. Based on the results, it is plausible that the provided information enhanced integrative agreements by leading stakeholders to realize that they were mutually interdependent, both in acquiring individual benefits as well as in implementing the measures at the landscape level. Our findings are significant in the context of the emerging insight that targeted information provision for climate adaptation of landscapes can support collaboration between the relevant stakeholders. 相似文献
87.
Ross N. Cuthbert Sven Bacher Tim M. Blackburn Elizabeta Briski Christophe Diagne Jaimie T. A. Dick Franz Essl Piero Genovesi Phillip J. Haubrock Guillaume Latombe Bernd Lenzner Yves Meinard Aníbal Pauchard Petr Pyšek Anthony Ricciardi David M. Richardson James C. Russell Daniel Simberloff Franck Courchamp 《Conservation biology》2020,34(6):1579-1582
Article impact statement: In an era of profound biodiversity crisis, invasion costs, invader impacts, and human agency should not be dismissed. 相似文献
88.
Nuclear energy can play a role in carbon free production of electrical energy, thus making it interesting for tomorrow’s energy mix. However, several issues have to be addressed. In fission technology, the design of so-called fourth generation reactors show great promise, in particular in addressing materials efficiency and safety issues. If successfully developed, such reactors may have an important and sustainable part in future energy production. Working fusion reactors may be even more materials efficient and environmental friendly, but also need more development and research. The roadmap for development of fourth generation fission and fusion reactors, therefore, asks for attention and research in these fields must be strengthened. 相似文献
89.
Sven D. Jelaska Toni Nikolić Lucija Šerić Jelaska Vladimir Kušan Hrvoje Peternel Goran Gužvica Zoran Major 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):616-625
Here we present the methodology used for terrestrial biodiversity analysis and site selection in Phase B of the UNDP/GEF COAST
project. The analysis was focused on the problem of biodiversity evaluation in four Croatian counties stretching from sea
level to the highest mountain in Croatia. Data on habitats, vascular flora, and fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians,
butterflies, ground beetles, and underground invertebrates) were collected and analyzed for each of the four counties. Emphasis
was given to the richness of endangered species and the rarity of endemic species. Based on the spatial analyses of habitat,
fauna, and flora data, four to six areas were selected from each county and ranked according to their biodiversity importance.
Overlap between areas important for richness and those important for rarity was highest for data on flora (65.5%) and lowest
for data on fauna (16.7%). When different data sets were compared, the lowest overlap was between flora and fauna (17.1%)
and largest between fauna and habitats (23.9%). Simultaneous overlap among all three data sets was found in just 6.5% of the
overall selected areas. These results suggest that less specific data, with respect to taxa threat status, could better serve
as surrogate data in estimating overall biodiversity. In summary, this analysis has demonstrated that Dalmatia is a region
with a high overall biodiversity that is important in a broader European context. 相似文献
90.
Assessment of heavy metals in water samples and tissues of edible fish species from Awassa and Koka Rift Valley Lakes, Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Larissa Dsikowitzky Mesfin Mengesha Elias Dadebo Carlos Eduardo Veiga de Carvalho Sven Sindern 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(4):3117-3131
The Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes host populations of edible fish species including Oreochromis niloticus, Labeobarbus intermedius and Clarias gariepinus, which are harvested also in other tropical countries. We investigated the occurrence of six heavy metals in tissues of these fish species as well as in the waters of Lake Koka and Lake Awassa. Both lakes are affected by industrial effluents in their catchments, making them ideal study sites. Mercury concentrations were very low in the water samples, but concentrations in the fish samples were relatively high, suggesting a particularly high bioaccumulation tendency as compared with the other investigated metals. Mercury was preferentially accumulated in the fish liver or muscle. It was the only metal with species-specific accumulation with highest levels found in the predatory species L. intermedius. Lower mercury concentrations in O. niloticus could be attributed to the lower trophic level, whereas mercury values in the predatory C. gariepinus were unexpectedly low. This probably relates to the high growth rate of this species resulting in biodilution of mercury. Accumulation of lead, selenium, chromium, arsenic and cadmium did not differ between species, indicating that these elements are not biomagnified in the food chain. Values of cadmium, selenium and arsenic were highest in fish livers, while lead and chromium levels were highest in the gills, which could be related to the uptake pathway. A significant impact of the industrial discharges on the occurrence of metals in the lakes could not be detected, and the respective concentrations in fish do not pose a public health hazard. 相似文献