一种新的快速测定水中COD的消化一分光光度法

探讨了在MnSO_4-CuSO_4复合催化剂、硫-磷混酸体系中,对样品进行恒温密封消解,用分光光度法测定溶液的COD值。实验得出测定化学需氧量的最佳条件:混酸H_2SO_4-H_3PO_4体积比为4:1,催化剂MnSO_4-CuSO_4质量比为1:2,MnSO_4-CuSO_4的总量为0．03g,消解温度为165℃,消解时间为15min。实验结果表明,此方法的测定结果与重铬酸钾法测定结果的相对误差≤5%,且有较好的重现性及较高的准确度与精密度。本法可同时消解多个试样,适用于大批量试样COD的测定,使试样的消解时间由标准法的2h缩短到了15min,同时用MnSO_4-CuSO_4复合催化剂代替价格昂贵的A_(g2)SO_4,大大降低了分析成本。     

设备滚动轴承损坏程度快速鉴定法

滚动轴承是设备中的易损件。介绍了鉴定滚动轴承损坏程度的快速鉴定方法,以决定是否更换轴承,从而降低了检修费用。     

气体扩散电极制备及其对苯酚降解效果的研究

以质量比9∶1的活性炭和乙炔黑制备气体扩散电极,着重研究电流密度、pH值、曝气量等因素对H2O2产生量的影响.结果表明:pH值在较大范围内均适用;电流密度控制在50～75 mA/cm2,曝气量确定为5 L/min时,反应产生H2O2较多.另外,利用该气体扩散电极做阴极,石墨电极做阳极,以Na2SO4为电解质,研究了电解时间、电流密度、pH值、初始苯酚浓度、曝气量等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在电流密度为75 mA/cm2、曝气量为5 L/min、初始pH=3的条件下,当苯酚的初始浓度为80 mg/L时,1 h后其去除率达77%.     

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables was presented in this paper.The complete set of procedure included three steps:bioassay,cholinesterase inhibition and GLC analysis.The samples could be identified to be contaminated with pesticides if 5% of house flies was knocked down in 50 tested house flies. Those samples contaminated with pesticides needed to be detected by AChE inhibition method.The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by GLC.Recoveries ranged from 83.7% in Chinese cabbages to 105.6% in tomatoes for pyrethroids,and 84.0% in tomatoes to 102.7% in sweetbell redpeppes for organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to 7.87% for pyrethroids. and 0.33% to 9.88% for organophosphorus compounds with vegetables. The complete set of procedure has been used successfully to analyze 7000 samples collected in Beijing. About 1% of the samp     

农药污染环境质量评价

本文根据计算排毒系数的方法确定了主要污染源和污染物,又根据食入、饮进、呼吸等量建立了权重系统,由此而计算了中国不同农业区域的污染指数。结果表明,重污染区集中在长江、黄河流域的粮、棉产区,而且我国农业环境中BHC、DDT污染程度是向南或向北逐渐减弱。     

城市下水污泥焚烧过程中二次污染物排放特性的试验研究

在0.15 MWt循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了城市下水污泥与煤的混烧试验,分析了烟气中的二次污染物排放特性.分析结果表明,利用循环流化床焚烧城市下水污泥时,添加辅助燃料(如煤)及改变焚烧条件,不仅可以达到稳定燃烧的目的,而且有利于抑制焚烧中二次污染物(如CO及二恶英等有机污染物)的生成.分析了焚烧污泥污染物的排放特性,为采用焚烧方式处理城市下水污泥提供了基础性试验数据.     

液体旋流分离器分离效率的研究

液体旋流分离器是水环境污染治理的主要设备之一.分离效率是衡量液体旋流分离器分离过程进行完善程度的最重要的技术指标,它能从质与量两方面反映出设备性能的优劣.当前液体旋流分离器设计过程还缺少具体量化的理论依据,为了给液体旋流分离器的设计提供理论依据,通过液体旋流分离器从水中分离固体粒子的性能实验,得出了液体旋流分离器各部结构尺寸、形状、相对比例对分离效率的不同影响程度,提出了结构参数的最佳取值范围.按照本研究提出的设计原则和方法,可以制造出性能优良的液体旋流分离器.     

超重力技术治理火炸药行业氮氧化物的初步研究

火炸药行业排放氮氧化物(NOX)具有浓度高、排放点不集中和间歇排放的特点,采用超重力技术对尾气中高浓度的NOX进行湿法吸收.以清水为吸收剂,研究了进气量、液气比和超重力因子等因素对NOX吸收率的影响.结果表明,单级NOX吸收率可达64.69%(β＝90).超重力旋转填料床具有占地面积小、投资低和操作方便等优点,适宜于火炸药行业吸收NOX.     

Performance and mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron loaded onto expanded graphite

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) was loaded on expanded graphite (EG) to produce a composite material (EG-ZVI) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). EG and EG-ZVI were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. EG-ZVI had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZVI, which was higher than that for both EG (10.00%) and ZVI (29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by EG-ZVI showed little dependence on solution pH within a pH range of 1–9. Even at pH 11, a Cr(VI) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZVI could enhance the removal of Cr(VI) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, which indicated that the ZVI loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(VI) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZVI.     

天津市城市扬尘及土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征

为探究城市扬尘及不同类型的土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征,使用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）对天津城市扬尘及不同类型土壤尘（菜地、果园、林地、农田）进行分析.结果表明:天津城市扬尘粒径在0.5~1.0 μm之间的占比较高;4种土壤尘在不同粒径段的分布略有差异,整体而言小粒径段（0.2~1.0 μm）占比低于大粒径段（1.0~2.0 μm）,说明土壤尘更易分布在大粒径段.在小粒径段,天津城市扬尘颗粒含有更多的碳组分及硫酸盐,大粒径段含有较多的金属、氯、硝酸盐、磷酸盐及硅酸盐组分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中23Na+、46NO₂-峰强显著降低,39K+、35Cl-、42CNO-峰强增高,通过其峰强比值分布可将城市扬尘与土壤尘明显区分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中含碳颗粒显著减少,同时出现钾类颗粒.城市扬尘作为一种混合源,含碳颗粒可能受多种排放源（机动车、燃煤等）影响,而土壤尘中钾类颗粒可能与农作物施肥有关.两种源类含27Al+、26CN-、35Cl-、42CNO-、46NO₂-、76SiO₃-、79PO₃-的颗粒占比均高于50%,其中40Ca+、46NO₂-和62NO₃-颗粒在天津城市扬尘中占比更高,76SiO₃-颗粒在土壤尘中占比更高,表明天津城市扬尘中更多的颗粒含有钙和硝酸盐组分,土壤尘中含硅酸盐颗粒较多.与机动车尾气、生物质燃烧等排放的颗粒物相比,天津城市扬尘及土壤尘中含97HSO₄-颗粒占比较低,表明天津城市扬尘及土壤尘颗粒中含有更少的硫酸盐,可作为将天津城市扬尘、土壤尘与其他源类区分的指标.