Cooperation control strategies for China’s cross-region pollution in a lake basin based on green reduction cost

The cross-region water pollution issue has always been the widespread concern around the world. It becomes especially critical for China due to the imbalance relates to environmental costs that have accompanied rapid growth of economy. Though the government makes great efforts to improve it, the potential for water pollution conflict is still great. We consider the problem of determining combined control strategies for China’s cross-region lake pollution based on the environmental green costs. The problem is first formulated as a generalized bilevel mathematical program where the upper level consists in each region that reduces environmental green costs including three parts: the reduction cost, pollution permit trade cost and cost of environment damage, while the lower level is represented by pollution permit equilibrium market. Finally, we take an empirical analysis in Taihu lake. The numerical study shows that the minimum costs of both total and regional are obviously superior to the current processing costs, which provides theoretical basis for the price of emission permits.

Implications: Today, China’s rapid gross domestic product (GDP) growth has come at a very high cost, as real estate prices have skyrocketed, the wealth gap has widened, and environmental pollution has worsened. China’s central government is urged to correct the GDP-oriented performance evaluation system that is used to judge administrative region leaders. The cross-region water pollution issue has become a troubling issue that urgently needs to be resolved in China. This paper will not only actively aid efforts to govern Lake Taihu and other cross-region valleys, but it will also provide a supplement for theoretical research on cross-region pollution issues.     

催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透浓水

采用催化臭氧氧化—生物活性炭吸附组合工艺处理反渗透(RO)浓水,比较了4种催化剂催化臭氧氧化的性能,优化了初始RO浓水pH、臭氧氧化时间、生物活性炭柱空床停留时间(EBRT)等工艺条件。实验结果表明:以WP-01为催化剂催化臭氧氧化RO浓水时无需调节废水pH;臭氧氧化反应5 min时RO浓水的BOD5/COD达0.28,可生化性得到显著改善;WP-01催化剂重复使用30次其催化活性没有明显下降;生物活性炭吸附单元的EBRT控制在30 min左右,可确保出水COD稳定在50 mg/L以下,符合GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准;催化臭氧单元处理每吨RO浓水的电费约为1.22元。     

CuMnOx／γ-Al2O3及稀土助剂对VOCs催化燃烧性能的影响

利用浸渍法制备了Cu—Mn复合氧化物催化剂和加入不同稀土含量的Cu—Mn复合氧化物催化剂，通过实验优选出加入稀土催化剂中稀土含量的最优配比，以气相色谱为检测手段，考察了加入稀土和不加稀土催化剂的催化燃烧性能，结果表明，加入稀土的催化剂T99（催化处理效率达到99％时的温度）比不加稀土的催化剂降低30～40℃，具有更好的低温活性，且对多种VOCs均能降低反应温度。     

CuMnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3及稀土助剂对VOCs催化燃烧性能的影响

利用浸渍法制备了Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂和加入不同稀土含量的Cu-Mn复合氧化物催化剂,通过实验优选出加入稀土催化剂中稀土含量的最优配比,以气相色谱为检测手段,考察了加人稀土和不加稀土催化剂的催化燃烧性能,结果表明,加入稀土的催化剂T_(99)(催化处理效率达到99%时的温度)比不加稀土的催化剂降低30～40℃,具有更好的低温活性,且对多种VOCs均能降低反应温度。     

投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜过滤特性的影响

向膜生物反应器(MBR)中投加ABS颗粒,以干扰膜表面泥饼层的形成和减轻膜污染的发生。结果表明,向MBR中投加粒径为1 mm的ABS颗粒,发现颗粒的最佳投加量为1.5 kg/m3,投加颗粒的膜运行时间是对照实验运行时间的3倍。颗粒对膜表面泥饼沉积层抑制明显,与对照实验泥饼层重量最大相差290 g,颗粒使膜上泥饼层的分布也不同。颗粒的投加也改变了污泥EPS含量,相比对照实验,多糖、蛋白质含量分别提高了17.2%和8%,污泥粘度提高了17.6%。细格栅与颗粒使MBR对TN、TP去除效果分别提高了8.5%和9.7%,对COD的影响不大。     

羰基镍急性中毒对大鼠骨髓细胞的DNA损伤

通过动物实验观察不同剂量羰基镍对大鼠骨髓细胞DNA损伤程度。采用SD大鼠,以135 mg·m~(-3)和250 mg·m~(-3)羰基镍为染毒组,250 mg·m~(-3)氯气为阳性对照组,静态方式染毒30 min。未染毒组为正常对照组,大鼠染毒后1、2、3和7 d分别采集样本。采用单细胞凝胶电泳检测每组大鼠骨髓细胞DNA的损伤程度。彗星尾长和Olive尾矩2个指标的分析结果表明,大鼠骨髓细胞DNA损伤程度随着羰基镍染毒剂量的增加而增加,在4个时间点各剂量组间均有显著差异(P0.05)且随时间的变化有一定的规律,损伤程度在3 d时达到最大,而后缓慢下降。羰基镍急性中毒对大鼠骨髓细胞DNA有一定的损伤,且存在剂量-效应关系,各剂量组损伤程度有一定的时间效应规律。     

ZrO2掺杂的V2O5/TiO2催化剂表征及催化还原NOx

采用共沉淀法制备出不同锆掺杂量的钛锆复合载体(TiO2-ZrO2),运用XRD和BET研究其微观结构,结果显示钛锆物质的量之比1∶1时复合载体具有最大的比表面积,可达256.01 m.2g-1.以此为载体制备了V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,并添加少量CeO2对其改性.采用XRD、BET、H2-TPR、原位FT-IR等手段研究其活性组分的表面分散状态、氧化还原特性和表面酸性.结果显示,V2O5高度分散在载体上;与纯V2O5相比,复合载体上V2O5的还原峰向低温方向发生了偏移;催化剂表面包含了大量的B酸和L酸.模拟氨气催化还原NO(NH3-SCR)的脱硝反应活性测试表明,V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的活性窗口,少量CeO2的加入提高了催化剂的低温活性.     

高分散氮化碳溶胶在重金属离子吸附去除中的应用

吸附材料在水中的分散性对于增加其与吸附质间相互作用,实现污染物的高效去除尤为重要.本文基于分子形态易于调控的石墨相氮化碳二维材料,通过简单的化学处理方法制备成高度分散于水中的溶胶吸附剂（M-C₃N₄-sol、U-C₃N₄-sol）,通过透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）、Zeta电位仪（Zeta Potential Analyzer）、比表面积及孔径分布仪（BET）等对其形貌、组成、结构进行了表征.结果表明,氮化碳溶胶呈现纳米级纤维状结构,在水中有着极佳的分散性.相较于原始氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,溶胶吸附剂对多种重金属离子的吸附去除能力得到大幅度提升,尤其是对Pb²⁺具有较高的吸附选择性.在298 K时,对Pb²⁺的吸附在1 min内即可达到平衡,快速吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温模型.吸附机理的研究表明,M-C₃N₄-sol对Pb²⁺的吸附是在静电引力、离子交换、氨基的表面络合和阳离子-π键的协同作用下完成的.吸附金属离子后,M-C₃N₄-sol发生脱稳形成易于实现固液分离的沉淀产物,对其进行稀硝酸脱附再生,吸附容量没有明显降低,表明其良好的循环使用性能.     

Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil

Carbendazim, a systemic benzimidazole fungicide, is applied repeatedly to control of plant diseases including soilborne diseases, over a growing season. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil. The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d-1 to 0.79 d-1. The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications. No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment, but a slight increase in average well color development (AWCD) was shown after second, third, and fourth applications. It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application. Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil, indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application. However, after first, second, and third addition of carbendazim, McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly increased as compared with the control, suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.     

人工强化湿地处理污水系统在西安秦岭山水住宅小区的应用分析

文章对人工强化湿地净化机理以及影响因素进行了探讨,针对西安秦岭山水生活污水人工湿地深度处理系统,介绍了人工强化湿地污水处理的基本工艺流程与工艺设计数据,就其在污水处理领域应用的前景进行了讨论。对相关的水质参数进行检测的结果表明,本系统对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、总氮、TP及动植物油的去除率分别为70%、78%、58%、82%、69%及74%,整个污水处理系统运行较好。