城市室内外空气真菌群落及影响因素研究进展

空气中绝大多数真菌与人类的健康及生产活动密切相关,当空气真菌孢子进入人体之后,会对身体造成严重的危害,引发各类疾病,全面了解城市空气真菌群落特征对于保护城市环境,控制城市疾病的发生具有重要的意义.城市绿化植物是空气真菌主要的来源之一,因此研究城市空气真菌群落与绿化植物之间的关系可为城市绿化植物选择、树种配置和管理方式提供科学的指导.通过系统的文献调研,分析了城市室内外空气真菌的群落特征,探讨了城市真菌群落与各种环境因素之间的关系.结果表明,除北极外,各地空气真菌的优势菌属均为枝孢属(Cladosporium),链格孢属(Alternaria)和青霉属(Penicillium);一年中城市空气真菌浓度夏季高,冬季低;它主要受到空气温度、湿度、风速风向、降雨等气象因素的影响.室内空气真菌的群落组成和数量特征及其动态变化都与城市室外空气真菌保持相对一致.但由于受室内特殊环境因素如房屋通风状况、卫生条件、房子结构及室内拥有者行为活动等的影响,室内空气真菌的优势菌属和浓度特征与室外真菌具有不同的特点.室内真菌总浓度高于室外,并以枝孢属和青霉属为优势菌属,适当的自然通风或使用空调等通风系统能有效降低室内空气真菌的浓度.文中最后指出了城市空气真菌将来的主要研究方向与迫切需要解决的科学问题.     

可燃气体检测仪的校正系数及其应用

可燃气体检测仪广泛应用于石化、煤矿等危险场所的气体检测。校正系数是影响仪器正确使用的重要因素。论述了校正系数既相似又不同的原因,阐述了合理选择校正气体的原则,分析了校正系数对测量结果的影响,总结了目前气体检测仪器生产及使用存在的问题,并提出了解决建议。     

稳定碳同位素示踪农林生态转换系统中土壤有机质的迁移和赋存规律

为了探讨土壤有机质在降解过程中的迁移、赋存规律,利用C₃植物与C₄植物明显的δ¹³C值差异,选取贵州茂兰保护区内农林生态系统发生转换生长的地域,分析土壤的不同粒径组分和比重组分中土壤有机质的δ¹³C值.结果表明,粗砂中的土壤有机质年代最新,细粉中的土壤有机质年代最老,有机质在降解过程中,在土壤各粒径组分中的迁移次序是:粗砂＜细砂＜粗粉＜粘土＜细粉;土壤重组分中的有机质年代较老,以降解充分、稳定的有机无机复合体为主,相对     

气候变化背景下城市综合防灾规划自适应研究

探讨了城市总体规划层面如何进行气候适应性考量,提出在气候变化背景下自适应的城市综合防灾规划策略应全面渗透到城市总体规划的关键规划要素,尤其是土地使用规划和各专业系统规划中,而不应仅仅提出一些传统、孤立的应对措施。气候变化会导致潜在不适宜开发建设的用地范围大幅增加,加强论证气候变化对用地适宜性的影响,适度扩大禁建区和限建区的范围,是有效预防各类气象灾害及次生灾害的前提。各专业系统规划技术规范需加紧修订,突破传统思维,不能完全孤立地考虑单一的规划目标,进行气候适应性调整,并要积极预防不适应气候变化的已建人工构筑物成为事故灾害源。     

Study of chest injuries to 3-year-old child occupants seated in impact shield and 5-point harness CRSs

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate whether the 5-point harness or the impact shield child restraint system (CRS) or both have the potential to cause chest injuries to children. This is determined by examining whether the loading to the chest reaches the internal organ injury threshold for children.

Method: The chest injury risk to a child occupant in a CRS was investigated using Q3 dummy tests, finite element (FE) simulations (Q3 dummy and human models), and animal tests. The investigation was done for 2 types of CRSs (i.e., the impact shield CRS and 5-point harness CRS) based on the UN R44 dynamic test specifications.

Results: The tests using a Q3 dummy indicated that although the chest deflection of the dummy in the impact shield CRS was large, it was less than the injury threshold (40 mm). Computational biomechanics simulations (using finite element FE analysis) showed that the Q3 dummy's chest is loaded by the shield and deforms substantially under this load. To clarify whether chest injuries due to chest compression can occur with an impact shield or with the 5-point harness CRS, 7 experiments were performed using Tibetan miniature pigs with weights ranging from 9.7 to 13 kg. Severe chest and abdominal injuries (lung contusion, coronary artery laceration, liver laceration) were found in the tests using the impact shield CRS. No chest injuries were present when using the 5-point harness CRS.

Conclusion: When using the impact shield CRS, the chest deformed substantially in dummy tests and FE simulations, and chest and abdominal injuries were observed in pig tests. It is possible that these chest injuries could also occur to child occupants sitting in the impact shield CRS.     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Ecological city （eco-city） and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term ＂ecological city＂, what key issues eco-city planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sus- tainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for eco- city planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem＇s structure, functions and processes.     

A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas

Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve.     

错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究

采用外压管式聚砜－聚丙烯腈共混超滤膜进行错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究,结果表明,清洗时采用高膜面流速、低操作压力和限制透过液对流传递作用有利于错流膜生物反应器通量的恢复,这符合膜藏去除过程中的传质机理;适宜的膜面流速应稍大于临界流速ｖｋ＝１．９２ｍ／ｓ,清洗时间应控制在１０ｍｉｎ,适宜的清洗操作压力为０．０７ＭＰａ。     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.