Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 ×10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2 m³·t^-1. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t^-1 of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process. Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.     

海水循环养殖系统水处理工艺综述

论述了海水循环养殖系统(RAS)需要控制的水质参数及相关单元水处理工艺.RAS需要对盐度、pH、温度、溶解氧等水质参数进行监测控制,并常采用物理、生物、化学处理的组合工艺,使固体物质、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、有机物以及致病微生物等的浓度维持在安全范围内.固体物质根据粒径和可沉降性的不同,可采用沉降、过滤、泡沫分离或生物过滤法去除;氨氮、亚硝酸盐以及硝酸盐主要通过生物的硝化和反硝化作用去除;有机物主要通过生物降解去除;化学药剂消毒以及紫外辐照是RAS常用的消毒方法,消毒剂残余及消毒副产物对水质和动物健康的影响是选择合适消毒方法需要考虑的两个关键因素.最后,列举了几种海水RAS常用的组合处理工艺,并提出了针对性的改进建议.     

降水波动对呼伦贝尔草甸草原初级生产力年际动态影响

降水是控制草原植被生产力最关键的因素. 为探明降水量在不同时间尺度上的波动及其对草原植被的响应机制,以呼伦贝尔草甸草原为研究对象,选用反映年际降水量波动的降水集中度和偏离期2个因子,将以地面光谱生物量模型计算获得的草甸草原植被NPP(net primary production,净初级生产力)与不同周期降水量和降水波动因子建立回归模型,分析年际降水量波动对草甸草原植被NPP的影响. 结果表明:①在呼伦贝尔草甸草原区,以年内4—7月为关键期,P_k(关键期累积降水量)对草甸草原植被NPP的影响最大,C_dk(关键期降水集中度)平均值为0.439±0.182,d_k(关键期降水偏离期)平均值为31.6 d,变幅为-3.6~94.2 d. ②以P_k和以旬为单位的C_dk、d_k构建的草甸草原植被NPP估算模型,y=-52.11+88.957C_dk+0.724d_k+0.953P_k,能较好地反映草甸草原植被NPP与降水波动之间的关系,模型估测精度可达91.0%. 因此,在半干旱草原区,利用基于遥感植被反射光谱构建的NPP模型计算草甸草原植被NPP具有较高的可信度,并且与样方调查结果有极高的关联性.      

铅蓄电池生产企业的清洁生产审核

介绍了某铅蓄电池生产企业按照清洁生产审核程序的7个阶段开展的清洁生产审核工作,分别对企业含铅废气、含铅废水和含铅危险废物污染源进行了排查,采用铅平衡核算、与清洁生产标准进行指标对比等方法查找问题并进行原因分析,提出改进方案。实施清洁生产方案后企业废水产生量为0.10 m3/(kV.A.h)(以生产单位电功率铅蓄电池产生的废水量计),总铅产生量为0.35 g/(kV.A.h),铅尘处理系统除尘效率达98%以上,年减少含铅废酸液产生量50 t,年减排铅尘3.2 kg,年节约成本50万元以上。     

Technical measures to achieve a cleaner production mode for recycled paper mills

China’s paper production reached 79.8 × 10⁶ t in 2008 and ranked number one in the world. Because of its high consumption of water, energy and materials and its serious pollution, the present processes are not likely to be sustainable. An alternative, the closed Water Loop-Papermaking Integration (WLPI) method, is put forward in this paper. The WLPI method can be realized in a recycled paper mill by adding technologies and using recycled water. Many industrial case studies have shown that a large quantity of water, energy and materials can be saved, and the quantity of waste sludge and wastewater discharge was minimized by using the WLPI method. The design of the water reuse system, control of calcium hardness, water recycling and minimal waste sludge are discussed. Anaerobic technology plays an important role in the WLPI method to lower cost, energy use and waste. In the brown paper and coated white board production, zero-effluent discharge can be realized. Fresh water consumption is only 1–2m³·t⁻¹. For the paper mills with deinking and bleaching processes, about 10 m³·t⁻¹ of fresh water and a similar amount of effluent discharge are needed. Power saving using anaerobic technology is 70% when recycled water is used in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process.Waste sludge can be decreased to about 5% of the initial process due to reuse of the waste sludge and the lower bio-sludge production of the anaerobic process.     

近断层地震作用下重大工程结构响应分析研究

水电站地震特征和响应的确定一直是一个较敏感的课题,本文以入射脉冲响应下某水电站的响应模拟为例说明模拟方法和软件应用,具有一定的理论价值和参考作用。     

γ-Al2Ｏ3催化臭氧氧化水中嗅味物质MIB效能研究

以γ- Al₂Ｏ₃粉末为催化剂,研究了催化臭氧氧化去除水体中典型嗅味物质2-甲基异茨醇（MIB）的效能及相关影响因素.研究表明,γ- Al₂Ｏ₃在蒸馏水和自来水本底中,均表现出显著的催化活性.在蒸馏水本底条件下,催化氧化可提高MIB去除率47个百分点;而在自来水本底条件下,可提高MIB去除率40个百分点以上.臭氧浓度、催化剂投加量和MIB的初始浓度对催化氧化过程具有明显的影响作用.水的硬度对γ- Al₂Ｏ₃催化臭氧氧化MIB影响不大,但水中无机阴离子对催化效果影响显著.天然水体中的重碳酸盐/碳酸盐碱度可以抑制催化臭氧氧化过程中产生的羟基自由基,对γ- Al₂Ｏ₃催化臭氧氧化MIB起到了抑制作用.低浓度的腐殖酸能够促进催化氧化过程,而高浓度时则有抑制作用.通过pH值对催化氧化MIB的影响和叔丁醇对催化氧化的抑制作用,间接地证明γ- Al₂Ｏ₃催化氧化MIB的作用机理是以羟基自由基为主的间接氧化过程.     

Edge Effects in the Great Tit: Analyses of Long-term Data with GIS Techniques

Abstract:  In contemporary fragmented landscapes, edges are commonplace, and understanding the effects of edge environments is thus essential for the conservation of forest communities. The reproductive output of forest passerines is often reduced close to forest edges. Possible explanations include overcrowding by conspecifics, elevated rates of predation, and the occurrence of lower-quality habitat and/or individuals at forest edges. We attempted to separate these processes by examining edge effects in the absence of nest predation and by effectively controlling for differences in breeding density and the quality of habitats and individuals. We used an edge distance index (EDI), which accounts for the number and distribution of edges in close proximity to a breeding location, to help explain variation in breeding density, nesting success, and reproductive traits of 8308 pairs of Great Tits ( Parus major ) breeding between 1965 and 2005, in Wytham, near Oxford, United Kingdom. Results from linear mixed modeling confirmed higher breeding density and a higher proportion of immigrant individuals at forest edges. Nevertheless, independently of these effects, we also found that birds laying later, with smaller clutches but larger eggs, were typical of edge environments. The number of offspring recruited to the breeding offspring per breeding attempt was also reduced at edges, both directly and mediated through changes in clutch size and laying date. Edge effects on life histories were detectable within individual females and up to 500 m from the woodland edge. Woodland edges are increasingly common in contemporary fragmented landscapes. Therefore these results, which suggest a pervasive effect of edges on reproduction, are of considerable importance to the management and conservation of forest communities.     

程序升温条件下铁及其氧化物在CO存在时对N_2O的还原机理

应用热综合分析仪 (TG FTIR)研究了在还原性气氛下Fe及其氧化物对N2 O的催化还原作用 .研究发现铁氧化物对氮氧化物的催化还原能力相当弱 ,而Fe可以高效地降低N2 O分解的初始温度和提高N2 O向N2 的转化率 .在Fe和CO的作用下 ,N2 O的初始分解温度为 92 0K和 10 0 0K .在 112 3K时 ,N2 O的转化率达到 95 %和 80 % .TG/DSC曲线表明了在Fe与N2 O反应过程中CO的作用表现为通过与N2 O在反应表面的竞争吸附使铁氧化物还原为金属铁 ,X射线衍射证明Fe与N2 O反应后的氧化物为Fe2 O3 ;扫描电镜对反应后Fe表面物理形态的研究发现 ,在CO作用下 ,Fe的表面呈松散结构 ,可以保证Fe对氮氧化物反应的连续进行