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91.
Although fish are usually thought of as victims of water quality degradation, it has been proposed that some planktivorous species may improve water quality through consumption of algae and sequestering of nutrients via growth. Within most numerical water quality models, the highest trophic level modeled explicitly is zooplankton, prohibiting an investigation of the effect a fish species may be having on its environment. Conversely, numerical models of fish consumption do not typically include feedback mechanisms to capture the effects of fish on primary production and nutrient recycling. In the present study, a fish bioenergetics model is incorporated into CE-QUAL-ICM, a spatially explicit eutrophication model. In addition to fish consumption of algae, zooplankton, and detritus, fish biomass accumulation and nutrient recycling to the water column are explicitly accounted for. These developments advance prior modeling efforts of the impact of fish on water quality, many of which are based on integrated estimates over an entire system and which omit the feedback the fish have through nutrient recycling and excretion. To validate the developments, a pilot application was undertaken for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay. The model indicates menhaden may reduce the algal biomass while simultaneously increasing primary productivity. 相似文献
92.
Håkan Karlsson Johan Bäckman Cecilia Nilsson Thomas Alerstam 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(12):2021-2031
Using tracking radars, we investigated the variability of flight directions of long-distance nocturnal passerine migrants
across seasons (spring versus autumn migration) and sites at the southern (56° N) and northern (68° N) ends of the Scandinavian
Peninsula (Lund versus Abisko). Whilst most migrants at Lund are on passage to and from breeding sites in Fennoscandia, the
majority of the migrants at Abisko are close to their breeding sites, and migration at Abisko thus to a large degree reflects
initial departure from breeding sites (autumn) or final approach to breeding destinations (spring). The radar data were used
to test predictions about differences in orientation and wind drift effects between adult and juvenile birds (a large proportion
of autumn migrants consists of juvenile birds on their first journey), between situations far away from or near the goals
and between different phases of migration (initial departure, en route passage, final approach to goal). The concentrations
(both total and within-night concentrations) of flight directions differed significantly between seasons as well as sites,
with the highest concentration at Lund in spring (mean vector length of track directions, r = 0.79) and lowest at Abisko during spring (r = 0.35). Partial wind drift and partial compensation were recorded at Lund, with a similar effect size in spring and autumn,
whilst possible wind drift effects at Abisko were obscured by the large directional scatter at this site. The results from
Lund support the prediction that the high proportion of juveniles in autumn contributes to increase the directional scatter
during this season, whilst there was no support for predictions of differential wind drift effects between seasons and situations
with different goal distances. The most striking and surprising result was the exceedingly large scatter of flight directions
at Abisko, particularly in spring. We suggest that such an exaggerated scatter may be associated with final approach orientation,
where migrants reach their specific goals from all various directions by final navigation within a more wide-ranging goal
region. The larger scatter of autumn flight directions at Abisko compared to Lund may be due to exploratory flights in variable
directions being more common at initial departure from breeding sites than later during migratory passage. These surprising
results highlight the importance of studying and analysing orientation during final approach to (and initial departure from)
migratory goals for understanding the orientation systems of migratory birds. 相似文献
93.
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Risk Assessment (RA) employ different approaches to evaluate toxic impact potential for their own general applications. LCIA is often used to evaluate toxicity potentials for corporate environmental management and RA is often used to evaluate a risk score for environmental policy in government. This study evaluates the cancer, non-cancer, and ecotoxicity potentials and risk scores of chemicals and industry sectors in the United States on the basis of the LCIA- and RA-based tools developed by U.S. EPA, and compares the priority screening of toxic chemicals and industry sectors identified with each method to examine whether the LCIA- and RA-based results lead to the same prioritization schemes. The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts (TRACI) is applied as an LCIA-based screening approach with a focus on air and water emissions, and the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicator (RSEI) is applied in equivalent fashion as an RA-based screening approach. The U.S. Toxic Release Inventory is used as the dataset for this analysis, because of its general applicability to a comprehensive list of chemical substances and industry sectors. Overall, the TRACI and RSEI results do not agree with each other in part due to the unavailability of characterization factors and toxic scores for select substances, but primarily because of their different evaluation approaches. Therefore, TRACI and RSEI should be used together both to support a more comprehensive and robust approach to screening of chemicals for environmental management and policy and to highlight substances that are found to be of concern from both perspectives. 相似文献
94.
Hazel A. Jackson Lawrence Percival-Alwyn Camilla Ryan Mohammed F. Albeshr Luca Venturi Hernán E. Morales Thomas C. Mathers Jonathan Cocker Samuel A. Speak Gonzalo G. Accinelli Tom Barker Darren Heavens Faye Willman Deborah Dawson Lauren Ward Vikash Tatayah Nicholas Zuël Richard Young Lianne Concannon Harriet Whitford Bernardo Clavijo Nancy Bunbury Kevin M. Tyler Kevin Ruhomaun Molly K. Grace Michael W. Bruford Carl G. Jones Simon Tollington Diana J. Bell Jim J. Groombridge Matt Clark Cock Van Oosterhout 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13918
The pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) is an endemic species of Mauritius that has made a remarkable recovery after a severe population bottleneck in the 1970s to early 1990s. Prior to this bottleneck, an ex situ population was established from which captive-bred individuals were released into free-living subpopulations to increase population size and genetic variation. This conservation rescue led to rapid population recovery to 400–480 individuals, and the species was twice downlisted on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. We analyzed the impacts of the bottleneck and genetic rescue on neutral genetic variation during and after population recovery (1993–2008) with restriction site-associated sequencing, microsatellite analyses, and quantitative genetic analysis of studbook data of 1112 birds from zoos in Europe and the United States. We used computer simulations to study the predicted changes in genetic variation and population viability from the past into the future. Genetic variation declined rapidly, despite the population rebound, and the effective population size was approximately an order of magnitude smaller than census size. The species carried a high genetic load of circa 15 lethal equivalents for longevity. Our computer simulations predicted continued inbreeding will likely result in increased expression of deleterious mutations (i.e., a high realized load) and severe inbreeding depression. Without continued conservation actions, it is likely that the pink pigeon will go extinct in the wild within 100 years. Conservation rescue of the pink pigeon has been instrumental in the recovery of the free-living population. However, further genetic rescue with captive-bred birds from zoos is required to recover lost variation, reduce expression of harmful deleterious variation, and prevent extinction. The use of genomics and modeling data can inform IUCN assessments of the viability and extinction risk of species, and it helps in assessments of the conservation dependency of populations. 相似文献
95.
Many South African populations of the brown mussel Perna perna have been depleted through over-exploitation by subsistence harvesters. This is problematic because recovery after disturbance
is very slow, partly because recruits are largely associated with adult mussels. However, unlike large recruits of 3.5–10 mm
that exhibit spatial structure related to that of adults, a very high proportion of settlers and small recruits (0–3.5 mm)
occur on foliose algae. We tested the hypothesis that recruits on algae move to adult mussel beds after a period of growth,
with the null hypothesis that they die at a certain size. We conducted an indirect field study comparing the ratios of large
to small recruits in 100% cover mussel patches at locations with high and low algal cover. A second laboratory experiment
analysed whether the size of recruits on algae affects their active movement behaviour in response to nearby mussel patches.
Large/small recruit ratios were slightly, but not significantly greater in high than low algal cover locations. Both small
(2–2.5 mm) and medium (4.5–5.5 mm) recruits remained on algae and moved very short distances throughout the laboratory experiment,
while larger recruits (9–10 mm) moved significantly further distances and more often into mussel patches. The results suggest
that very large recruits are able to migrate actively to nearby mussel patches, indicating ontogenetic shifts in this behaviour.
However, the absence of a significant difference in ratios between field locations with high and low algal cover suggests
many large recruits are accidentally dislodged from the algae and presumably die. Thus settlement of P. perna onto algae is likely to be wasted, with consequences for sustainable management of the mussel resource. 相似文献
96.
Villy Christensen Carl J. Walters Robert Ahrens Jacqueline Alder Joe Buszowski Line Bang Christensen William W.L. Cheung John Dunne Rainer Froese Vasiliki Karpouzi Kristin Kaschner Kelly Kearney Sherman Lai Vicki Lam Maria L.D. Palomares Aja Peters-Mason Chiara Piroddi Jorge L. Sarmiento Jeroen Steenbeek Rashid Sumaila Reg Watson Dirk Zeller Daniel Pauly 《Ecological modelling》2009
We present a new methodology for database-driven ecosystem model generation and apply the methodology to the world's 66 currently defined Large Marine Ecosystems. The method relies on a large number of spatial and temporal databases, including FishBase, SeaLifeBase, as well as several other databases developed notably as part of the Sea Around Us project. The models are formulated using the freely available Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) modeling approach and software. We tune the models by fitting to available time series data, but recognize that the models represent only a first-generation of database-driven ecosystem models. We use the models to obtain a first estimate of fish biomass in the world's LMEs. The biggest hurdles at present to further model development and validation are insufficient time series trend information, and data on spatial fishing effort. 相似文献
97.
Parental care is a costly part of reproduction. Hence, natural selection should favor males which avoid caring for unrelated
young. However, the decision to abandon or reduce care requires cues which are evaluated to give information on potential
reproductive value of the offspring. The prediction that male sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, care for foreign eggs as long as they were spawned in their own nest and at least some of such cues are fulfilled was tested.
Egg-guarding males that had recently taken part in a spawning event were given a clutch of eggs that was sired either by themselves
or another male, in either their own or another male’s aquarium. Males that had not taken part in a spawning event were used
as controls and were given eggs sired by another male. We measured the amount of filial cannibalism and nest building. Control
group males did not care for eggs and ate them all before rebuilding the nest. In the other treatments, there were no significant
effects of paternity, though males moved to another male’s aquarium increased their clutch area threshold and completely consumed
larger clutches than males that were not moved. There was no intermediate response in any treatment in the form of increased
partial filial cannibalism or less well-constructed nests. Our results suggest that egg-guarding males cannot distinguish
between eggs sired by themselves and those sired by other males but are able to react to cues indicating paternity state.
Males do not adopt eggs to attract females in P. minutus. 相似文献
98.
Carlos César Martínez-Rivera H. Carl Gerhardt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):195-208
Senders and receivers influence dynamic characteristics of the signals used for mate attraction over different time scales.
On a moment-to-moment basis, interactions among senders competing for a mate influence dynamic characteristics, whereas the
preferences of receivers of the opposite gender exert an influence over evolutionary time. We observed and recorded the calling
patterns of the bird-voiced treefrog Hyla avivoca to assess how the dynamic characters of calls vary during interactions among groups of males in a chorus. This question was
also addressed using playback experiments with males. Playback experiments with females showed how changes in dynamic call
properties are likely to affect male mating success. Frogs calling in pairs, groups, or in response to playbacks produced
longer calls than did isolated males. During call overlap, males often increased the duration of the silent interval (gaps)
between the pulses of their calls so that the pulses of the calls of two neighbors interdigitated. This change resulted in
increased variability of pulse rate, a traditionally static acoustic property; however, males also produced high proportions
of non-overlapped calls in which variability in pulse rate was low and had species-typical values. Females preferred long
calls to short- and average-duration calls, and non-overlapped calls to overlapped calls. Given a choice between pairs of
overlapped calls, females preferred pairs in which the proportion of overlap was low and pairs in which the pulses of such
calls interdigitated completely. The observed patterns of vocal competition thus reflect the preferences of conspecific females,
which have influenced the evolution of the calling behavior of H. avivoca.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
99.
Species richness and evenness are components of biological diversity that may or may not be correlated with one another and with patterns of species abundance. We compared these attributes among flowering plants, grasshoppers, butterflies, lizards, summer birds, winter birds, and rodents across 48 plots in the grasslands and mesquite-oak savannas of southeastern Arizona. Species richness and evenness were uncorrelated or weakly negatively correlated for each taxonomic group, supporting the conclusion that richness alone is an incomplete measure of diversity. In each case, richness was positively correlated with one or more measures of abundance. By contrast, evenness usually was negatively correlated with the abundance variables, reflecting the fact that plots with high evenness generally were those where all species present were about equally uncommon. Therefore richness, but not evenness, usually was a positive predictor of places of conservation value, if these are defined as places where species of interest are especially abundant. Species diversity was more positively correlated with evenness than with richness among grasshoppers and flowering plants, in contrast to the other taxonomic groups, and the positive correlations between richness and abundance were comparatively weak for grasshoppers and plants as well. Both of these differences can be attributed to the fact that assemblages of plants and grasshoppers were numerically dominated by small subsets of common species (grasses and certain spur-throated grasshoppers) whose abundances differed greatly among plots in ways unrelated to species richness of the groups as a whole. 相似文献
100.
Christian Mrz Felipe S. Freitas Johan C. Faust Jasmin A. Godbold Sian F. Henley Allyson C. Tessin Geoffrey D. Abbott Ruth Airs Sandra Arndt David K. A. Barnes Laura J. Grange Neil D. Gray Ian M. Head Katharine R. Hendry Robert G. Hilton Adam J. Reed Saskia Rühl Martin Solan Terri A. Souster Mark A. Stevenson Karen Tait James Ward Stephen Widdicombe 《Ambio》2022,51(2):370
Unprecedented and dramatic transformations are occurring in the Arctic in response to climate change, but academic, public, and political discourse has disproportionately focussed on the most visible and direct aspects of change, including sea ice melt, permafrost thaw, the fate of charismatic megafauna, and the expansion of fisheries. Such narratives disregard the importance of less visible and indirect processes and, in particular, miss the substantive contribution of the shelf seafloor in regulating nutrients and sequestering carbon. Here, we summarise the biogeochemical functioning of the Arctic shelf seafloor before considering how climate change and regional adjustments to human activities may alter its biogeochemical and ecological dynamics, including ecosystem function, carbon burial, or nutrient recycling. We highlight the importance of the Arctic benthic system in mitigating climatic and anthropogenic change and, with a focus on the Barents Sea, offer some observations and our perspectives on future management and policy. 相似文献