曹妃甸围填海工程开发对近岸沉积物重金属的影响

为了解曹妃甸工业区围填海工程开发对近岸沉积物重金属污染状况,对2004年~2011 年8 a间4个航次的沉积物中5种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg) 的含量进行了研究,并分别采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明:2011年曹妃甸工业区附近海域表层沉积物中5种重金属的平均含量均高于渤海湾沉积物重金属背景值,表层沉积物中Hg为主要污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害;Cu、Pb和Zn处于轻度污染状态;两种沉积物重金属污染评价方法的结果具有一致性,各重金属元素的污染程度顺序为:HgCdPbCuZn;各评价年度综合生态风险等级为较高。     

腹腔镜疝手术的临床应用

目的总结应用腹腔镜技术治疗腹股沟疝及切口疝的手术抉择、临床效果及并发症.方法回顾性分析2004年10月至2009年12月期间对腹股沟疝和切口疝行腹腔镜手术71例患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎43例(51侧),TAPP25例(31侧),腹腔镜切口疝修补术3例.结果无一例中转开放手术.平均手术时间34.5 min,术中出血量5 ml,术后并发症发生率为11%(5/71),其中血清肿2例,阴囊气肿4例,腹股沟区血肿2例,术后平均住院时间2.8 d,术后随访1~12个月均未出现疝复发、慢性神经性疼痛、异物感、补片及切口感染等.结论腹腔镜疝手术安全性良好、复发率低、术后疼痛轻、并发症少及术后住院时间短;对于疝开放手术术后复发、双侧疝、复合疝等是首选术式,并可避免隐匿疝的遗漏.参4.     

实时定量RT-PCR方法检测雌二醇诱导原代培养青鳉鱼肝细胞的基因表达

利用原代培养的雄性青鳉鱼肝细胞进行了相同雌二醇(E2)浓度(100 nmol·L-1)下的不同时间(2、4、6、8d)和相同暴露时间(4d)下的不同浓度(1、10、100、1000、10000 nmol·L-1)的雌二醇(E2)实验,采用实时定量RT-PCR方法对青鳉鱼VTG-Ⅰ、VTG-Ⅱ、CHG-H、CHG-L和ERα的基因表达进行了研究,结果表明,VTG-Ⅰ、VTG-Ⅱ、CHG-H、CHG-L和ERα的基因表达与E2的暴露浓度呈现很好的剂量-效应关系,且1nmol·L-1E2暴露就能显著诱导肝细胞内VTG-Ⅰ、VTG-Ⅱ、CHG-H、CHG-L和ERα的基因表达.作为生物监测雌激素活性的in vitro方法,实时定量RT-PCR的灵敏度高于其它已经发表的方法.因此,实时定量RT-PCB方法与原代培养青鳉鱼肝细胞相结合的方法在环境雌激素效应的评价上具有很大地应用潜力.     

控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究

在喷射鼓泡反应器上进行了控制氧化对湿法烟气脱硫过程的影响研究,测定了脱硫率η和pH随时间t的变化规律,得出了η与t的回归式及η与pH值的关系规律,讨论了不同曝气强度及抑制剂浓度对CaCO3利用率α、pH值及脱硫率η的影响。实验表明强制氧化及抑制氧化均能提高脱硫效率η及CaCO3利用率α,但对浆液pH值的影响正好相反,强制氧化使浆液pH值下降的更快,而抑制氧化则使浆液pH值有所提高。     

Spatial-temporal analysis of wetland landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta

The influence of anthropogenic activities,especially artificial dykes,on the coastal wetland landscape is now considered as a serious problem to the coastal ecosystem.It is important and necessary to analyze changes of coastal landscape pattern under the influence of artificial dykes for the protection and management of coastal wetland.Our study aimed to reveal the quantitative characteristics of the coastal wetland landscape and its spatial-temporal dynamics under the influence of artificial dykes in the Yellow River delta(YRD).It was analyzed by the methods of the statistical analysis of landscape structure,five selected landscape indices and the changes of spatial centroids of three typical wetland types,including reed marshes,tidal fiats and aquaculture-salt fields.The results showed that:(1)Reduction of wetland area,especially the degradation of natural wetlands,had been the principal problem since the dykes were constructed in the YRD.The dykes created conditions for the development of artificial wetlands.However,the new born artificial wetlands were still less than the vanished natural wetlands.(2)Compared with the open area,the building of artificial dykes significantly speeded up the changes of landscape patterns and the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation in the closed area.(3)The changes of area-weighted centroids of three typical wetland landscapes were greatly affected by dykes,and the movement of the centroid of the aquaculture-salt field was very sensitive to the dykes constructed in the corresponding period.     

稻田微氧层和还原层土壤有机碳矿化对氮素添加的响应

田间条件下,淹水稻田由于上覆水中溶解氧的扩散作用,使其表层土壤存在约1 cm厚的微氧层,这个特殊层次中碳氮转化的特征尚未明晰.以亚热带典型稻田土壤为对象,采用100 d室内模拟培养试验,结合¹³C稳定同位素示踪和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析技术,研究稻田土壤微氧层(0～1 cm)和还原层(1～5 cm)外源新鲜有机碳(¹³C-水稻秸秆)和原有土壤有机碳矿化对氮肥施用[(NH₄)₂SO₄]的响应规律及其微生物过程.结果表明,氮素添加使土壤总CO₂和¹³C-CO₂累积排放量分别提高11.4%和12.3%;培养结束时,氮素添加下还原层比微氧层土壤总有机碳含量和¹³C回收率分别降低2.4%和9.2%.培养前期(5 d),氮素添加提高还原层微生物总PLFAs,且细菌和真菌PLFAs响应一致,但对微氧层微生物丰度无显著影响;氮素添加对微氧层和还原层总¹³C-PLFAs丰度均无显著影响...     

基于土壤流失的农业面源TN和TP排海系数估算

以黄河三角洲为典型研究区,通过分析区域地表污染物流失风险与入海通量的关系,构建了海岸带农业总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）面源污染排海估算模型.在此基础上,计算了包含水田、水浇地和旱地等耕地类的TN和TP面源污染排海系数,验证表明输出系数估算结果较好.研究区耕地的TN和TP排海系数分别为18.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1和1.02 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,在夏季面源污染负荷较高.子流域尺度较大的耕地类农业面源污染负荷主要位于支脉河、广利河和小岛河管控区域.TN和TP总负荷较大的行政区主要位于北部黄河口镇和永安镇;较大的单位面积负荷在西南部.因此,需要关注农业面源污染的时间效应,同时协调社会经济发展,从子流域和行政单元的角度制定综合性面源污染防控策略,陆海统筹治理海域污染.     

京津冀生态屏障区人类活动对生态安全的影响

使用SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）和InVEST（Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs）模型分别模拟计算了滦河和潮河流域水源涵养、面源污染、干旱特征和生境质量等指标,在此基础上使用压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型建立了生态安全评价体系,以面源污染、生境质量和土地利用特征等人类活动对生态安全的影响作为切入点,以子流域为评价单元,评价了研究区生态安全,分析了各层指标对生态安全的影响.结果表明,2010年和2015年研究区总体生态安全状态等级均为敏感级,生态安全评分综合指数分别为0.50和0.48.研究区生态系统整体较为稳定,空间上各子流域之间生态安全状态存在较大差异.面源污染和城镇扩张等人类活动对生态安全的影响较大.林地和草地评分较低,可能与种植结构和景观格局有关.水源涵养量值增加和生境稀缺性值下降,说明加大水源涵养能力建设和降低生境稀缺性是提高生态安全的有效措施.     

北京温榆河流域微生物污染调查研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,我国河流普遍受到了不同程度的水质污染,而微生物指标对于水质评价具有重要作用.本研究选取细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及SC噬菌体、F噬菌体作为指示微生物对北京市温榆河开展了历时一年多的调查研究,结果表明,除了有机污染和富营养化问题外,温榆河流域的微生物污染非常突出.温榆河上游已经受到了一定程度的微生物污染,微生物浓度(以粪大肠菌群为例)波动较大(5.01×10²~5.37×10⁶个·L^-1);下游受清河、坝河等排水河道的影响,微生物污染普遍严重(均值达6.3×10⁶个·L^-1以上),与地表水Ⅴ类水质标准(GB 3838—2002)相比FC浓度平均超出两个数量级.统计分析显示,温榆河微生物污染受季节的影响并不显著(p>0.05),表明人为因素很可能是其主要影响因素.温榆河处于微生物高污染水平,可能威胁地下水水质和农作物质量安全,应从源头加强微生物风险控制.     

Assessing the extinction risk of insular,understudied marine species

Hydrothermal vents are rare deep-sea oases that house faunal assemblages with a similar density of life as coral reefs. Only approximately 600 of these hotspots are known worldwide, most only one-third of a football field in size. With advancing development of the deep-sea mining industry, there is an urgent need to protect these unique, insular ecosystems and their specialist endemic faunas. We applied the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List criteria to assess the extinction risk of vent-endemic molluscs with varying exposure to potential deep-sea mining. We assessed 31 species from three key areas under different regulatory frameworks in the Indian, West Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Three vent mollusc species were also examined as case studies of different threat contexts (protected or not from potential mining) to explore the interaction of local regulatory frameworks and IUCN Red List category assignment. We found that these assessments were robust even when there was some uncertainty in the total range of individual species, allowing assessment of species that have only recently been named and described. For vent-endemic species, regulatory changes to area-based management can have a greater impact on IUCN Red List assessment outcomes than incorporating additional data about species distributions. Our approach revealed the most useful IUCN Red List criteria for vent-endemic species: criteria B and D2. This approach, combining regulatory framework and distribution, has the potential to rapidly gauge assessment outcomes for species in insular systems worldwide.