A case study of microwave processing of metal hydroxide sediment sludge from printed circuit board manufacturing wash water

The large quantity of wash water used in the electroplating and etching process in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs) contains a high level of heavy metal ions (Cu⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺, Cr⁺⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺). These potentially toxic ions are removed from the wash water effluent through a polyelectrolyte flocculation and hydroxide precipitation process during which a hydroxide sediment sludge rich in metal ions and polymers is generated. This sediment sludge possesses some unique characteristics and properties in terms of composition, fine particle size distribution, high specific surface area, and a tendency to agglomerate after drying. Direct disposal of this classified “special waste” (Department of Environment of Northern Ireland, The Special Waste Regulations, Northern Ireland, 1998) at landfill sites may cause serious soil and underground water pollution through a gradual ionic leaching process. This paper describes an experimental investigation, exploratory in nature, which employs microwave radiation for detoxification of the sediment sludge through microwave heating, drying and metal ion immobilization within the sediment solids. The effectiveness of microwave assisted binding and immobilization of the metal ions within the sediment solids was studied in conjunction with an evaluation of microwave energy efficiency in comparison to the more conventional convective heating and drying processes. Given a sufficient amount of microwave radiation, leaching of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ was reduced by 2700% and 1080%, respectively, over a period of 12 weeks, and further leaching was not detectable within six months at simulated local landfill aqueous conditions. This paper also attempts, through experimental observation, to add to the very limited understanding of the complex interactions and binding of free metal ions with the polymeric materials and metal hydroxides under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The high specific surface of the sediment solids and their adsorption properties were further explored and characterized in a study of adsorption of reactive dyes by the microwave processed solids.     

安全与事故运动规律初探

通过分析安全、隐患、事故之间的变化规律,揭示了安全与事故不仅普遍存在于自然界和人类社会活动中,具有与客观规律相依而生的自然属性,而且两者的对立统一,又具有促进客观事故向高层次发展的社会属性。     

Carrousel 氧化沟内DO 变化规律及其优化控制条件

为了提高氧化沟单沟系统的脱氮能力,通过现场测试对Carrousel 氧化沟单沟系统内部溶解氧(DO)的分布、传输特性进行了研究,通过中试试验对氧化沟适宜同步硝化反硝化过程发生的DO条件进行了研究.结果表明,沟内DO环境受曝气机的开启状态和进水负荷日动态变化的影响显著,DO 的分布和输移过程的推流特性有利于同步硝化反硝化过程的发生,沟内适宜同步硝化反硝化过程发生的好氧区域空间比例为0.3~0.5,并随着水力停留时间缩短而逐渐增大.     

东海泥质区表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布

以GC/ECD内标法定量测定了东海近岸泥质区、远岸济州岛西南泥质区和冲绳海槽共19个表层沉积物样中21种有机氯农药的含量.结果表明,有机氯农药在所有样品中均有检出,东海泥质区已有人类污染物的明显记录.研究区平均总有机氯农药分布特征为沿岸泥质区南部>沿岸泥质区北部>冲绳海槽>济州岛西南泥质区.冲绳海槽中HCHs含量高且其分布特征显著区别于陆架泥质区,显示该区域这一污染物源可能与陆架区有所不同.(DDD+DDE)/DDT比值显示东海泥质区DDT类农药的污染物还比较新.与国内其他地区沉积物中有机氯农药含量相比,东海泥质区有机氯农药污染属较低水平.     

Preparation of Liquid Epoxidized Natural Rubber by Oxidative Degradations Using Periodic Acid,Potassium Permanganate and UV-Irradiation

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) needs to be degraded into shorter chain lengths, to form liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR), for applications such as coating and adhesives. Since ENR contains both C=C and epoxide groups as reactive sites for degradation reactions, thus, LENR could be prepared by different methods through cleavages of C=C or epoxide groups, or a combination of both sites. Different mechanisms would produce different terminals on the LENR. This paper reports the oxidative degradation by (a) periodic acid, (b) potassium permanganate and (c) ultra violet (UV) irradiation. The degraded rubbers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Ester and ketone terminals were formed in all the three methods, but lactone and hydrofuranic structures were observed only in degradation by UV irradiation. NMR spectrum reveals that cyclization of ENR has occurred during degradation by periodic acid. At lower periodic acid concentration, degradation takes place only via C=C cleavage, but at higher concentration, the attack to the epoxide groups becomes more prominent. Potassium permanganate has attacked both the double bonds and epoxide groups. On the other hands, epoxide group was not affected during degradation by UV irradiation, which cleaved only the C=C bonds.     

Quantification of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination using human placenta as biomarker from Punjab Province,Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study biomonitored the placental polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in women from Punjab Province, Pakistan, that provides the...     

苏丹红Ⅰ对小鼠卵巢的损伤作用及对Caspase-3和Ki-67表达的影响

苏丹红是一种人工合成偶氮染料,可引起肝脏及泌尿系统等多个脏器的肿瘤,但苏丹红对生殖系统的毒性研究较少.本研究以昆明小鼠为受试对象,探讨苏丹红Ⅰ对小鼠卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67表达的影响.将24只昆明小鼠随机分为:对照组、低剂量(60 mg· kg-1)、中剂量(120 mg·kg-1)、高剂量(240 mg· kg-1)4组,6只/组.胃灌4周,4周末处死.HE染色观察各组卵巢组织病理变化,免疫组化法检测卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67表达,Real time PCR检测卵巢组织Caspase-3和Ki-67 mRNA表达,Western blotting检测卵巢组织中Ki-67及Caspase-3蛋白表达.与对照组比较,实验组卵巢中Caspase-3阳性细胞率显著升高(Jp＜O.05),而Ki-67阳性细胞率显著降低(P＜0.05),Real time PCR及Western blotting结果与免疫组化法结果一致.本实验发现苏丹红染毒后颗粒细胞的Caspase-3表达增加,且Caspase-3表达呈剂量依赖性,但Ki-67表达受到抑制.     

区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS的研究进展

区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS是我国自主发展的空气质量模式之一,包含中尺度气象模式MM5/WRF/TAPM和大气环境模式AEM,并能与区域气候模式RegCM耦合,可以用于酸沉降、光化学烟雾、细颗粒物、重金属元素等大气污染的形成机理、模拟预测、管控对策、环境影响和气候效应研究.本文主要介绍RegAEMS的发展历程、框架结构和主要性能,重点介绍近期的模式改进和模拟验证情况.研究表明,改进的RegAEMS在硫酸盐、二次有机气溶胶、臭氧和氮沉降方面具有较强的模拟能力,可以用于区域大气复合污染模拟预测和管理控制的基础研究及业务应用.     

地下水有机污染源识别技术体系研究与示范

地下水有机污染点多面广、污染源不清、治理难度大,如何从源头上控制污染源,减少污染源对地下水的威胁,是地下水污染控制和治理的关键.以典型污染场地为例开展有机污染源辨识研究,建立地下水有机污染源识别技术体系,并应用于典型污染场地地下水有机污染源的识别.在掌握污染场地地质、水文地质条件的基础上,从大量地下水分析化验数据中,确定污染场地特征污染物为四氯化碳,建立污染场地溶质运移模型,并结合单体同位素技术,通过模型反演和同位素溯源,确定了典型场地有机污染源的分布、污染现状,并对识别出的潜在污染源进行调查和土壤取样分析,结果表明,辨识出的两个历史污染源位置、污染物浓度分布结果可靠,为地下水污染治理提供了依据.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅

通过改变仪器条件及试剂配比进行优选实验,利用原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅可知:铅的检出限是0.020μg/L,能够满足GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求;同时原子荧光光谱仪分析样品灵敏度高、重现性好、干扰少、操作简便、分析快捷,测定样品的准确度和精密度均能达到质量控制要求。