三鑫金铜矿残矿保护性开采方案研究

针对三鑫矿山采用充填采矿法在回采矿房过程中留存大量底柱不能及时回采,后期回采存在安全隐患等问题,对矿山地质条件进行调查,利用Mathew法对矿房稳定性进行研究,结合矿山实际开采计划,对桃花嘴矿区-570～-720四个中段制定了协同回采方案,并利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对协同回采方案进行可行性探讨.研究表明,为了保持采...     

Impact of anthropogenic heat emissions on meteorological parameters and air quality in Beijing using a high-resolution model simulation

• The Large scale Urban Consumption of energY model was updated and coupled with WRF. • Anthropogenic heat emissions altered the precipitation and its spatial distribution. • A reasonable AHE scheme could improve the performance of simulated PM_2.5. • AHE aggravated the O₃ pollution in urban areas. Anthropogenic heat emissions (AHE) play an important role in modulating the atmospheric thermodynamic and kinetic properties within the urban planetary boundary layer, particularly in densely populated megacities like Beijing. In this study, we estimate the AHE by using a Large-scale Urban Consumption of energY (LUCY) model and further couple LUCY with a high-resolution regional chemical transport model to evaluate the impact of AHE on atmospheric environment in Beijing. In areas with high AHE, the 2-m temperature (T₂) increased to varying degrees and showed distinct diurnal and seasonal variations with maxima in night and winter. The increase in 10-m wind speed (WS₁₀) and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) exhibited slight diurnal variations but showed significant seasonal variations. Further, the systematic continuous precipitation increased by 2.1 mm due to the increase in PBLH and water vapor in upper air. In contrast, the precipitation in local thermal convective showers increased little because of the limited water vapor. Meanwhile, the PM_2.5 reduced in areas with high AHE because of the increase in WS₁₀ and PBLH and continued to reduce as the pollution levels increased. In contrast, in areas where prevailing wind direction was opposite to that of thermal circulation caused by AHE, the WS₁₀ reduced, leading to increased PM_2.5. The changes of PM_2.5 illustrated that a reasonable AHE scheme might be an effective means to improve the performance of PM_2.5 simulation. Besides, high AHE aggravated the O₃ pollution in urban areas due to the reduction in NO_x.     

Biotransfer of persistent organic pollutants from a large site in China used for the disassembly of electronic and electrical waste

Samples of groundwater, river water, river sediment, paddy soil, rice seeds, hen eggs, fish, umbilical cord blood, and newborn meconium were collected from October 2002 to October 2003 near a large site in China used for the disassembly of obsolete transformers and other electronic or electrical waste. Six indicator PCB congeners, three non-ortho dioxin-like PCB congeners, and six organochlorine pesticides were determined in the samples by GC with electron capture detector. The results demonstrated that the local environment and edible foods had been seriously polluted by toxic PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. The actual daily intakes (ADIs) of these pollutants were estimated for local residents living in the area. The intake data showed that the contents of PCBs in these local residents were substantial, as the ADI estimates greatly exceed the reference doses set by the World Health Organization and the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The presence of the indicator PCB congeners in the cord blood and the meconium samples, as well as significant correlations (r ² > 0.80, p < 0.05) between these levels, suggests a potential biotransfer of these indicators from mothers to their newborns. This preliminary study showed that obsolete transformers and other electronic or electrical waste can be an important source for the emission of persistent organic pollutants into the local environment, such as through leakage, evaporation, runoff, and leaching. Contamination from this source appears to have reached the level considered to be a serious threat to environmental and human health around the disassembly site.     

三峡水库蓄水初期鲤鱼重金属富集特征及健康风险评价

于2011-2012年在三峡库区干流水域及7条典型支流中采集鲤鱼样品,通过测定鱼体肌肉组织中Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cu和Zn等7种重金属含量,分析了三峡库区蓄水后的鱼体重金属污染水平、各金属元素之间的相关性及在库区各水域的分布特征,并利用目标危险系数(THQ)对库区居民通过食用鱼类摄入重金属的健康风险进行了评价.结果显示,所有鱼类样品中均检测出这7种重金属,但含量低于国家规定的卫生健康标准.不同重金属在鱼体肌肉中差异明显,Zn的平均含量最高(5.88 mg·kg-1),Cd平均含量最低(0.013 mg·kg-1).所有7种重金属可分为4类,式中,Cr和Cu,Pb和As相关系数较大.与库区外其他水域相比,三峡水库中鱼体重金属含量处于较低水平,且在蓄水后未发生显著变化.受到水位升高和悬浮物沉降的影响,库区内干流鱼体中大部分重金属含量变化趋势为从库尾的洛碛向库中的巫山递减.THQ法评价结果认为,食用库区鱼类健康风险较低.     

Potential factors and mechanism of particulate matters explosive increase induced by free radicals oxidation

Atmospheric particulate pollution in China has attracted much public attention. Occasionally, the particle number concentration increases sharply in a short time period, which is defined as a “particulate matter explosive increase”. Heavy particulate matter pollution not only reduces visibility but also has an adverse effect on human health. Hence, there is an urgent need to discover the causes of particulate matter explosive increase. During this campaign, the particle number concentration and free radicals were measured at a tall building on the campus of Lanzhou University of Technology. Additionally, we examined a series of chemicals to reproduce the observed particulate matter explosive increase in a smog chamber to determine its potential factors. Then, we analyzed the mechanism of particulate matter explosive increase in the presence of free radicals. We found that, among the potential inorganic and organic sources analyzed, a mixture of organic and SO₂ in the research region had a major effect on particulate matter explosive increase. Moreover, free radical oxidation has a large effect, especially in the formation of organic particulates.     

不同密度水浮莲的形态和生长反应及其对土壤养分的影响

为了解入侵植物水浮莲在水生环境中的入侵和扩散规律,本文通过田间水稻田实验,按照添加系列设计方法研究不同密度下水浮莲幼苗的形态和生长反应,以及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,不同种植密度下水浮莲在母株株高、母株叶片数、分蘖能力、开花株数和死亡株数生长动态具有明显的差异。水浮莲形态特征,随种植密度降低分蘖等级和数量显著增加,密度60株时最大为29.45株·基株-1,360株时最小为1.10株·基株-1;母株株高总体上呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,而根长的变化规律不明显;中等种植密度的母株叶片数明显大于低等和高等密度的;植株开花与死亡株数多数显著增加;水浮莲出现有性和无性繁殖,但无性繁殖占绝对优势。水浮莲生物量,随种植密度降低总生物量显著增加,60株时最大为31.18 g·基株-1,360株时最小为5.64 g·基株-1;母株生物量总、花、叶和根生物量总体上逐渐降低,而分蘖植株总、叶、花和根生物量显著增加。水浮莲生长需要消耗大量的土壤养分,其中对有机质和速效钾消耗是最大的,分别达到8.55~21.56 g·kg-1和649.43~679.45 mg·kg-1;随种植密度降低水浮莲对土壤有机质、氮、磷和钾的吸收绝大多数显著增加。不同种植密度下水浮莲在形态、生长、繁殖以及对土壤养分影响的差异,可能是由其最初种植密度形成不同的种内竞争强度造成的。     

水热法制备PbMoO4微晶体及其光催化降解灭幼脲

以水热法合成的PbMoO4微晶体为催化剂,考察了反应溶液pH、污染物初始浓度和催化剂用量对光催化降解灭幼脲的影响,研究了光催化降解过程的反应动力学和作用机理.结果表明,最佳反应溶液pH 6.0、污染物初始浓度20 mg.L-1、催化剂用量0.4 g.L-1.反应4 h灭幼脲降解率达99.96%,矿化率达66.4%,降解反应符合一级动力学.通过加入自由基清除剂对比实验发现,PbMoO4微晶体主要通过空穴和.OH的氧化作用使灭幼脲降解,其中空穴起主要作用.     

国庆前后北京城区PM2.5组分污染及来源特征分析

为探究北京城区国庆前后及国庆期间PM2.5主要组分的污染及来源特征情况,采集2019年9月27日-10月14日北京市大气PM2.5样本,并测定其中碳质气溶胶(OC、EC)及8种水溶性离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-)的质量浓度,并分析PM2.5中各化学组分的浓度变化特征、来源特性及气象要素的影响,并对北京市细颗粒物进行源解析和区域传输分析.结果 表明,整个观测期间PM2.5基本呈现"M"型的变化趋势,国庆期间呈现"V"型的变化趋势.国庆期间总碳质气溶胶、水溶性无机离子质量浓度为(14.45±5.87)μg·m-3和(14.97±9.75)μg·m-3,占PM2.5质量浓度的59.7％,各组分质量浓度在国庆期间均有所下降,其中NO3-质量浓度下降最为明显,下降率达53.4％.来源分析结果表明,机动车尾气、燃煤和扬尘是大气PM2.5化学组分的主要来源,其中道路扬尘和建筑扬尘是Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+的主要来源,机动车车尾气排放是碳质气溶胶及二次无机离子的最主要来源.车流量的改变和气象因素与国庆前后PM2.5及其组分变化密切相关,PM2.5及各组分质量浓度在车流量高峰的9月30日和10月6、7日达到峰值,而1-5号移动源贡献减弱和气象要素(降水)导致了最低值的出现.较低的风速及来自于东北、西南方向的污染物输送是观测期间PM2.5较高的重要原因.     

Indoor carbon dioxide capture technologies: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Global warming could be slowed down by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, yet classical methods for carbon dioxide capture are fewly adapted to indoor...     

VOCs在线监测进样方式对非甲烷总烃测定的影响

采用正压、负压、大气平衡3种进样方式，研究了VOCs在线监测系统对非甲烷总烃测定的影响。探讨在大气平衡进样方式下定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量对非甲烷总烃测定的影响，研究结果表明：采用正压进样方式，定量环内正压增大，非甲烷总烃质量浓度偏高；采用负压进样方式，定量环内负压增大，非甲烷总烃质量浓度降低；采用大气平衡进样方式，定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量的增大或减小对非甲烷总烃测定没有明显影响。比较3种进样方式，大气平衡进样方式的VOCs在线监测系统能够提高非甲烷总烃在线监测结果的准确性和可靠性，更适用于污染源废气在线监测。