环境浓度下的混合抗生素对普通小球藻的联合毒性

近年来,抗生素已成为一类备受关注的新型环境污染物。为了探究这类化合物对各类生物的毒性效应,本实验以红霉素(ERY)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)这3种常见的抗生素作为代表,研究其单独作用和两两联合作用对普通小球藻的生长、蛋白合成及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:ERY、ENR和SMX对小球藻的96 h-EC50分别为85.7、124.5和1 672.7μg·L~(-1),且3种抗生素两两联合时对小球藻的毒性作用类型均为协同作用。此外,当暴露于环境浓度的抗生素时,无论是单独加药还是联合加药,除ERY处理组的小球藻的蛋白合成被轻微抑制外,其他各处理组的蛋白含量与对照组相比,均展现出低剂量刺激效应。对于MDA产量,ENR处理组的MDA含量与对照组无显著差异,其他各处理组均高于对照组;故环境浓度下的ENR并没有对小球藻造成明显的氧化损伤,而其他2种抗生素则对小球藻造成了氧化损伤。该研究为低浓度混合抗生素在淡水环境中联合暴露的生态风险评估提供了科学依据。     

生物质炭对农田土壤中抗生素消减和潜在风险的影响

本研究采用农业废弃物玉米轴、玉米秸秆和核桃壳分别于250、400和600℃下缺氧热解制备生物质炭,并通过土壤培养实验考察了生物质炭对灭菌和未灭菌农田土壤中四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素消减和潜在风险的影响.对照和生物质炭处理组均是未灭菌土壤中抗生素的消减率通常高于灭菌土壤,这是因为灭菌土壤中的抗生素以非生物消减为主,而未灭菌土壤中同时存在抗生素的非生物消减和微生物降解.250℃制备的核桃壳生物质炭促进了灭菌和未灭菌土壤中抗生素的消减.灭菌和未灭菌土壤中抗生素表观分配系数（K_app）变化趋势均是喹诺酮类>四环素类>磺胺类.与灭菌土壤相比,未灭菌土壤中抗生素的K_app值通常较低,说明微生物可以促进土壤中抗生素从轻结合态甚至紧密结合态向着交换态或者水溶态转变.多数生物质炭降低了灭菌和未灭菌土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类的K_app值,这将增大抗生素的迁移性和传播抗性基因的风险.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix combined with regional integration analysis to characterize the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids from landfill at different stabilization stages

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) analysis was used to investigate the composition and transformation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) from landfill. The EEMs of HAs at different landfill ages were characterized by two typical fluorescence chromophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 420-470 nm/Em = 490-530 nm and Ex = 345-375 nm/Em = 450-465 nm. EEMs of FA were featured by other two distinctly different fluorophores with Ex/Em pairs at Ex = 315-335 nm/Em = 420-440 nm and Ex = 255-275 nm/Em = 425-455 nm. The results show that HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1989 was formed by connecting small-condensed aromatic structures with protein-like chains. Compared with HA extracted from the refuse disposed in the year of 1992, HA extracted from the refuse of 1996 had a higher fluorescence intensity and lower r_(B,A) (the ratio of the fluorescence intensities of peak B and peak A) value. It contained low molar mass components, low aromatic condensation degree, and more easily oxidized substituents. This indicates that the landfill time strongly affects the EEMs characteristics of HA, and that the humification degree of HA increases with the landfill time. A red shift to a longer wavelength region and an increase of fluorescence intensity were observed when the concentration of HA was increased, suggesting that concentration had a great influence on the fluorescence characteristics of HAs. pH (2-12) also had significant effects on the fluorescence intensity, although it exerted no effect on the peak position of fluorescence of HA and FA. The results of FRI show that increasing concentration lead to more interactions among various structure components and that small molecular weight units tend to aggregate or be masked into more complicated and larger structures. The pH influence on the fluorescence intensity of HA seems mainly through molecular configuration, while the fluorescence intensity change with pH may be due to various substituents of FA.     

Developmental toxicity of cypermethrin in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish

Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used throughout the world in agriculture, forestry, horticulture and homes. Though the neurotoxicity of cypermethrin has been thoroughly studied in adult rodents, little is so far available regarding the developmental toxicity of cypermethrin to fish in early life stages. To explore the potential developmental toxicity of cypermethrin, 4-h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of cypermethrin (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg L⁻¹) until 96 h. Among a suite of morphological abnormalities, the unique phenotype curvature was observed at concentrations as low as 25 μg L⁻¹. Studies revealed that 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin significantly increased malondialdehyde production. In addition, activity of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly induced in zebrafish larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. To further investigate the toxic effects of cypermethrin on fish, acridine orange (AO) staining was performed at 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin and the result showed notable signs of apoptosis mainly in the nervous system. Cypermethrin also down-regulated ogg1 and increased p53 gene expression as well as the caspase-3 activity. Our results demonstrate that cypermethrin was able to induce oxidative stress and produce apoptosis through the involvement of caspases in zebrafish embryos. In this study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of cypermethrin using zebrafish embryos, which could be helpful in fully understanding the potential mechanisms of cypermethrin exposure during embryogenesis and also suggested that zebrafish could serve as an ideal model for studying developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants.     

Sorption of simazine to corn straw biochars prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures

Simazine sorption to corn straw biochars prepared at various temperatures (100-600 °C) was examined to understand its sorption behavior as influenced by characteristics of biochars. Biochars were characterized via elemental analysis, BET-N₂ surface area (SA), FTIR and ¹³C NMR. Freundlich and dual-mode models described sorption isotherms well. Positive correlation between log K_oc values and aromatic C contents and negative correlation between log K_oc values and (O + N)/C ratios indicate aromatic-rich biochars have high binding affinity to simazine (charge transfer (π-π*) interactions) and hydrophobic binding may overwhelm H-bonding, respectively. Dual-mode model results suggest adsorption contribution to total sorption increases with carbonization degree. Positive correlation between amounts of adsorption (Q_ad) and SA indicates pore-filling mechanism. Comparison between our results and those obtained with other sorbents indicates corn straw biochars produced at higher temperature can effectively retain simazine. These observations will be helpful for designing biochars as engineered sorbents to remove triazine herbicides.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤环境中铁氧化菌群落结构及多样性影响

以闽江口秋茄湿地、芦苇湿地及漳江口白骨壤湿地作为研究对象,通过高通量测序技术对互花米草入侵湿地前、后土壤铁氧化菌群落结构及其多样性进行测定与分析,以此探讨互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤铁氧化菌的影响.结果表明：(1)不同类型的河口湿地土壤中铁氧化菌数量对互花米草入侵后的反应不同,互花米草入侵闽江口秋茄湿地和芦苇湿地后,湿地土壤铁氧化菌数量均显著增加（p<0.05）;而入侵漳江口白骨壤湿地后,湿地土壤铁氧化菌数量显著降低（p<0.05）;(2)互花米草入侵使秋茄湿地铁氧化菌多样性提高,使白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地土壤铁氧化菌多样性降低;(3)变形菌门（Proteobacteria）铁氧化菌是湿地优势菌门,尤其是互花米草入侵秋茄湿地后,其变形菌门铁氧化菌的相对丰度明显提高,而脱硫杆菌门（Desulfobacterota）铁氧化菌的相对丰度降低;(4)互花米草入侵后,秋茄湿地中优势菌地杆菌属（Geobacter）铁氧化菌的丰度显著降低,而沙雷氏菌属（Sediminibacterium）的丰度显著提高;芦苇湿地中互花米草入侵后披毛菌属（Gallionella）的丰度显著提高;(5)盐度、pH...     

Abiotic association of phthalic acid esters with humic acid of a sludge landfill

The abiotic association between phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and humic substances (HS) in sludge landfill plays an important role in the fate and stability of PAEs. An equilibrium dialysis combined with ¹⁴C-labeling was used to study the abiotic association of two abundant PAEs (diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate) with humic acid (HA) isolated from a sludge landfill with different stabilization times and different molecular weights. Elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) suggested that high K _A value of HA was related to the high aromatic content and large molecular weight of HA. The results indicated that the association strength of PAEs with HA depended on both the properties of the PAEs and the characteristics of HA. The K _A values of the association were strongly dependent on solution pH, and decreased dramatically as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The results suggested that nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between PAEs and HA was the main contributor to the association of the PAEs with HA. The interactive hydrogen-bonds between the HA and the PAEs molecules may also be involved in the association.     

有机磷酸酯对斑马鱼的早期神经毒性作用研究

国内外研究已证实,有机磷酸酯广泛分布于多种环境介质中,但目前仍缺乏足够的数据阐明有机磷酸酯具有早期神经毒性效应及其可能的毒性作用机制。本研究采用模式动物斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为研究对象,选择了环境中3种典型的有机磷酸酯类化合物包括磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(EHDPP)和磷酸三(2-氯)乙酯(TCEP),从斑马鱼运动行为、氧化应激和神经发育关键基因的转录等方面阐述有机磷酸酯的早期神经毒性作用及可能的作用机制。研究发现,TPP(0.1和1 mg·L~(-1))、EHDPP(0.2和2 mg·L~(-1))和TCEP(0.5和5 mg·L~(-1))可能通过诱导氧化应激并下调神经发育关键基因(mbp和syn2a)的转录从而显著抑制斑马鱼的运动行为。本研究可以为有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂及其替代产品的生产、使用和危险度评估提供直接依据。     

浅谈乡镇饮用水源地的现状和问题及对策

本文通过对漯河市乡镇饮用水源地现状的调查,针对乡镇饮用水源地现状存在的问题,提出相应的对策措施。研究指出,漯河市乡镇集中式饮用水水源地目前的保护措施目前尚不完善,从饮用水源地污染防治措施看,应加大对面源的控制和对水污染源的控制;从饮用水水源地监督与管理看,应加强饮用水水源地监督与管理,建立建全饮水水源保护区监测体系,建设完善地下水井群的隔离防护工程,制定饮用水水源地事故应急预案,建立应急机制,并从进一步加强和完善法律法规、政策和组织保障。