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11.
In most birds, natal dispersal is female-biased, but the selective pressures leading to this pattern have rarely been explored
with comprehensive data on lifetime reproductive success. In territorial birds, the benefit of philopatry should be higher
for males than for females when males establish territories for which knowledge about the local environment is important.
As females may use male characteristics for mate choice, and hence indirectly for territory choice, the benefit from the direct
knowledge of the local environment may be lower for females than males. We tested this hypothesis using data from a long-term
study of group living corvids, the Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus). In this species, the socially dominant offspring delay dispersal while the sub-dominant offspring leave the family group
directly after reaching independence. Our results show that natal dispersal distance (a proxy for local knowledge) was related
to sex and dispersal timing (a proxy for “quality”): Females and early dispersers traveled further on average than males and
delayed dispersers. Furthermore, dispersal distance and timing were negatively related to the number of recruits produced
over an individual’s lifetime in males, but not in females. Hence, the results support the hypothesis that the female-biased
natal dispersal found in this and other bird species may come about through higher lifetime reproductive success of philopatric
males than females. 相似文献
12.
Kukkola J Knuutinen J Paasivirta J Herve S Pessala P Schultz E 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(7):1049-1056
Background, aims, and scope
Currently, elemental chlorine-free (ECF) and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching systems are widely used for pulp production. Low and medium molecular weight lignin break-down products are known to have harmful effects on the environment. According to some recent results, also high molecular weight (HMW) material consisting mainly of lignin and carbohydrates may cause toxic effects to the environment. For these reasons, toxicity and structure studies of HMW materials are of great importance. This investigation is a part of a larger project to obtain more structure information of HMW materials and toxicity of ECF and TCF bleaching effluents. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been commonly used for the characterization of organic macromolecules such as lignin, but to our knowledge, no reports have appeared dealing with the comparison of SEC of ECF and TCF bleaching liquors. The aim of the present study was to get more information about the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of HMW fractions of waste liquors from ECF and TCF bleaching sequences by SEC. 相似文献13.
Lianou M Chalbot MC Kavouras IG Kotronarou A Karakatsani A Analytis A Katsouyanni K Puustinen A Hameri K Vallius M Pekkanen J Meddings C Harrison RM Ayres JG ten Brick H Kos G Meliefste K de Hartog J Hoek G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(7):1202-1212
Purpose
The concentrations of PM10 mass, PM2.5 mass and particle number were continuously measured for 18 months in urban background locations across Europe to determine the spatial and temporal variability of particulate matter.Methods
Daily PM10 and PM2.5 samples were continuously collected from October 2002 to April 2004 in background areas in Helsinki, Athens, Amsterdam and Birmingham. Particle mass was determined using analytical microbalances with precision of 1 ??g. Pre- and post-reflectance measurements were taken using smoke-stain reflectometers. One-minute measurements of particle number were obtained using condensation particle counters.Results
The 18-month mean PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 15.4 ??g/m3 in Helsinki to 56.7 ??g/m3 in Athens and from 9.0 ??g/m3 in Helsinki to 25.0 ??g/m3 in Athens, respectively. Particle number concentrations ranged from 10,091 part/cm3 in Helsinki to 24,180 part/cm3 in Athens with highest levels being measured in winter. Fine particles accounted for more than 60% of PM10 with the exception of Athens where PM2.5 comprised 43% of PM10. Higher PM mass and number concentrations were measured in winter as compared to summer in all urban areas at a significance level p?0.05.Conclusions
Significant quantitative and qualitative differences for particle mass across the four urban areas in Europe were observed. These were due to strong local and regional characteristics of particulate pollution sources which contribute to the heterogeneity of health responses. In addition, these findings also bear on the ability of different countries to comply with existing directives and the effectiveness of mitigation policies. 相似文献14.
Heidi Ahkola Sirpa Herve Juha Knuutinen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(3):1207-1218
The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) is an important piece of environmental legislation that protects rivers, lakes, coastal waters and groundwaters (EC 2000). The implementation of the WFD requires the establishment and use of novel and low-cost monitoring programmes, and several methods, e.g. passive sampling, have been developed to make the sampling process more representative compared to spot sampling. This review considers passive sampling methods focusing mainly on a passive sampler named Chemcatcher®, which has been used for monitoring several harmful compounds in aquatic environments. Also, the sample treatment and analysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and nonylphenol (NPs) from water using solid phase extraction (SPE) is briefly summarized. The procedure of Chemcatcher passive sampling is quite similar to that of the SPE extraction since it concentrates the studied compounds from water as well. After sampling, the accumulated substances are extracted from the receiving phase of the sampler. The concentrations of NPEOs and NPs are currently monitored by taking conventional spot samples; SPE can be successfully used as a pretreatment procedure. Chemcatcher® passive sampling technique is a simple and useful monitoring tool and can be applied to new chemicals, such as NPEOs and NPs in aquatic environments. 相似文献
15.
Petra C. Lindholm-Lehto Heidi S. J. Ahkola Juha S. Knuutinen Jaana Koistinen Kirsti Lahti Heli Vahtera Sirpa H. Herve 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(18):18043-18054
The occurrence of five pharmaceuticals, consisting of four anti-inflammatory and one antiepileptic drug, was studied by passive sampling and grab sampling in northern Lake Päijänne and River Vantaa. The passive sampling was performed by using Chemcatcher® sampler with a SDB-RPS Empore disk as a receiving phase. In Lake Päijänne, the sampling was conducted during summer 2013 at four locations near the discharge point of a wastewater treatment plant and in the years 2013 and 2015 at four locations along River Vantaa. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The concentrations of carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in Lake Päijänne determined by passive sampling ranged between 1.4–2.9 ng L?1, 15–35 ng L?1, 13–31 ng L?1, 16–27 ng L?1, and 3.3–32 ng L?1, respectively. Similarly, the results in River Vantaa ranged between 1.2–40 ng L?1, 15–65 ng L?1, 13–33 ng L?1, 16–31 ng L?1, and 3.3–6.4 ng L?1. The results suggest that the Chemcatcher passive samplers are suitable for detecting pharmaceuticals in lake and river waters. 相似文献
16.
Jarmo Poikolainen Juha Piispanen Jouni Karhu Reijo Seppänen Eero Kubin 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(7):4299-4307
This study measured heavy metal and nutrient concentrations of two feather mosses during the periods of dry storage. Samples (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi) were collected in the nationwide moss surveys carried out on the permanent sample plots of the 8th Finnish National Forest Inventory in 1985–86, 1990, 1995 and 2000. A small amount of each moss sample was analyzed soon after collection, and the remainder was dried and stored at the Paljakka environmental specimen bank (ESB). The 108 stored samples from 27 plots were reanalyzed in 2008. Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn) and nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, P) were determined and compared for each survey year. Overall, Fe, Pb and Cr concentrations decreased, and Cu concentrations increased significantly during storage. The greatest decrease was observed in samples from plots where their initial concentrations were the highest. Changes in the concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were less pronounced. The loss of heavy metals is likely due to drying when cell membranes rupture and some of the surface material is lost. K, P and, to some extent, Mg concentrations increased during storage, whereas Ca did not change significantly. Nutrient increase is probably due to their movement from older to younger growths during the initial phase of drying. Ca is mostly bound to cell walls and is not easily released. Results emphasize the importance of establishing the intended use of a stored moss prior to sampling, in order to select and optimize an appropriate storage technique. 相似文献
17.
18.
The mutagenicity of 4 chlorinated phenols, 4 chlorinated catechols, 3 chlorinated guaiacols, one chloromethoxyphenol and one wood preservative mixture was studied in a mammalian cell assay, in which Chinese hamster cells V79 are used. Of the compounds studied 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 3,4,6-trichlorocatechol, 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol and the wood preservative were mutagenic in the test system used. 相似文献
19.
Elina?PortjanskajaEmail author Marina?Krichevskaya Sergei?Preis Juha?Kallas 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2004,2(3):123-127
The photocatalytic oxidation of humic substances in aqueous solutions and natural waters with TiO2 attached to buoyant, hollow glass micro-spheres was studied. A maximum oxidation efficiency of 3.6 mg W–1 h–1 was achieved in neutral or alkaline media at a plane surface concentration of the catalyst attached to the micro-spheres of 25 g m–2. Proceeding by different mechanisms in acidic and alkaline media, the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency did not benefit from an excessive presence of hydroxyl radical promoters, hydrogen peroxide and alkali. 相似文献
20.
Human-induced habitat loss and degradation are major threats to wetland species as reflected in the fact that wetlands have declined by more than 50% in Europe and North America during the last century. Both current and historic land-use patterns are likely to be significant determinants of wetland species' distributions; however their relative importance is often unknown. We studied the importance of local (study pond) and landscape (current and 18th-century landscape) characteristics in explaining the occurrence and species richness of amphibians (Rana arvalis, Bufo bufo, and Triturus vulgaris) on the Swedish island of Gotland, where more than 40% of wetlands have been lost since the 18th century. Current local habitat characteristics were the strongest determinants of occurrence for all study species. Additionally, species occurrence was related to current and historic landscape characteristics, which generally explained equal amounts of the variation in species-occurrence data. The proportions of both current and historic arable land were negative determinants of amphibian occurrence and species richness, indicating that agricultural land use may have an overall negative impact on amphibians, and that amphibians may occur less frequently in areas with a long agricultural history. Likewise, historic forest area was positively related to B. bufo occurrence and species richness, whereas current forests had no significant effects, suggesting that there may be a lag in the response of amphibians to agriculture-mediated habitat loss. Our results suggest that historic land-use patterns may influence current amphibian populations and that inclusion of historic land-use information could be a valuable tool in future studies on amphibian-habitat relations. 相似文献