全文获取类型
收费全文 | 31618篇 |
免费 | 282篇 |
国内免费 | 291篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 785篇 |
废物处理 | 1283篇 |
环保管理 | 3716篇 |
综合类 | 6793篇 |
基础理论 | 7815篇 |
环境理论 | 12篇 |
污染及防治 | 7886篇 |
评价与监测 | 2104篇 |
社会与环境 | 1612篇 |
灾害及防治 | 185篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 261篇 |
2021年 | 248篇 |
2020年 | 198篇 |
2019年 | 258篇 |
2018年 | 454篇 |
2017年 | 444篇 |
2016年 | 674篇 |
2015年 | 488篇 |
2014年 | 777篇 |
2013年 | 2287篇 |
2012年 | 927篇 |
2011年 | 1219篇 |
2010年 | 1025篇 |
2009年 | 1061篇 |
2008年 | 1263篇 |
2007年 | 1298篇 |
2006年 | 1187篇 |
2005年 | 983篇 |
2004年 | 1025篇 |
2003年 | 994篇 |
2002年 | 894篇 |
2001年 | 1222篇 |
2000年 | 831篇 |
1999年 | 557篇 |
1998年 | 404篇 |
1997年 | 381篇 |
1996年 | 397篇 |
1995年 | 447篇 |
1994年 | 459篇 |
1993年 | 349篇 |
1992年 | 396篇 |
1991年 | 382篇 |
1990年 | 413篇 |
1989年 | 370篇 |
1988年 | 343篇 |
1987年 | 270篇 |
1986年 | 274篇 |
1985年 | 300篇 |
1984年 | 302篇 |
1983年 | 286篇 |
1982年 | 304篇 |
1981年 | 291篇 |
1980年 | 233篇 |
1979年 | 260篇 |
1978年 | 234篇 |
1977年 | 206篇 |
1975年 | 203篇 |
1974年 | 213篇 |
1973年 | 196篇 |
1972年 | 216篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 375 毫秒
11.
Tibor Hartel Ben C. Scheele Abi Tamim Vanak Laurențiu Rozylowicz John D. C. Linnell Euan G. Ritchie 《Conservation biology》2019,33(6):1256-1265
Achieving coexistence between large carnivores and humans in human-dominated landscapes (HDLs) is a key challenge for societies globally. This challenge cannot be adequately met with the current sectoral approaches to HDL governance and an academic community largely dominated by disciplinary sectors. Academia (universities and other research institutions and organizations) should take a more active role in embracing societal challenges around conservation of large carnivores in HDLs by facilitating cross-sectoral cooperation to mainstream coexistence of humans and large carnivores. Drawing on lessons from populated regions of Europe, Asia, and South America with substantial densities of large carnivores, we suggest academia should better embrace the principles and methods of sustainability sciences and create institutional spaces for the implementation of transdisciplinary curricula and projects; reflect on research approaches (i.e., disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary) they apply and how their outcomes could aid leveraging institutional transformations for mainstreaming; and engage with various institutions and stakeholder groups to create novel institutional structures that can respond to multiple challenges of HDL management and human–large carnivore coexistence. Success in mainstreaming this coexistence in HDL will rest on the ability to think and act cooperatively. Such a conservation achievement, if realized, stands to have far-reaching benefits for people and biodiversity. 相似文献
12.
Fishing‐gear restrictions and biomass gains for coral reef fishes in marine protected areas 下载免费PDF全文
Stuart J. Campbell Graham J. Edgar Rick D. Stuart‐Smith German Soler Amanda E. Bates 《Conservation biology》2018,32(2):401-410
Considerable empirical evidence supports recovery of reef fish populations with fishery closures. In countries where full exclusion of people from fishing may be perceived as inequitable, fishing‐gear restrictions on nonselective and destructive gears may offer socially relevant management alternatives to build recovery of fish biomass. Even so, few researchers have statistically compared the responses of tropical reef fisheries to alternative management strategies. We tested for the effects of fishery closures and fishing gear restrictions on tropical reef fish biomass at the community and family level. We conducted 1,396 underwater surveys at 617 unique sites across a spatial hierarchy within 22 global marine ecoregions that represented 5 realms. We compared total biomass across local fish assemblages and among 20 families of reef fishes inside marine protected areas (MPAs) with different fishing restrictions: no‐take, hook‐and‐line fishing only, several fishing gears allowed, and sites open to all fishing gears. We included a further category representing remote sites, where fishing pressure is low. As expected, full fishery closures, (i.e., no‐take zones) most benefited community‐ and family‐level fish biomass in comparison with restrictions on fishing gears and openly fished sites. Although biomass responses to fishery closures were highly variable across families, some fishery targets (e.g., Carcharhinidae and Lutjanidae) responded positively to multiple restrictions on fishing gears (i.e., where gears other than hook and line were not permitted). Remoteness also positively affected the response of community‐level fish biomass and many fish families. Our findings provide strong support for the role of fishing restrictions in building recovery of fish biomass and indicate important interactions among fishing‐gear types that affect biomass of a diverse set of reef fish families. 相似文献
13.
A.?R.?M.?Towfiqul?IslamEmail author Shuanghe?Shen Muhammed?Atikul?Haque Md.?Bodrud-Doza K.?W.?Maw Md.?Ahosan?Habib 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(5):1935-1959
Sustainable groundwater quality is a key global concern and has become a major issue of disquiets in most parts of the world including Bangladesh. Hence, the assessment of groundwater quality is an important study to ensure its sustainability for various uses. In this study, a combination of multivariate statistics, geographical information system (GIS) and geochemical approaches was employed to evaluate the groundwater quality and its sustainability in Joypurhat district of Bangladesh. The results showed that the groundwater samples are mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. Principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that geogenic sources (rock weathering and cation exchange) followed by anthropogenic activities (domestic sewage and agro-chemicals) were the major factors governing the groundwater quality of the study area. Furthermore, the results of PCA are validated using the cluster analysis and correlation matrix analysis. Based on the groundwater quality index (GWQI), it is found that all the groundwater samples belong to excellent to good water quality domains for human consumption, although iron, fluoride and iodide contaminated to the groundwater, which do not pose any significant health hazard according to World Health Organization’s and Bangladesh’s guideline values. The results of irrigation water quality index including sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index and sodium percentage (Na %) suggested that most of the groundwater samples are good quality water for agricultural uses. The spatial distribution of the measured values of GWQI, SAR, Fe (iron), EC (electrical conductivity) and TH (total hardness) were spatially mapped using the GIS tool in the study area. 相似文献
14.
Bodhipaksha Krishna Geethani Thilakarathne Stephen Schensul Sujithra K. Weeragoda Rohan Weerasooriya Ng Wun Jern 《环境质量管理》2023,32(4):371-378
Fifty percent of the dry zone areas in Sri Lanka have fluoride levels above 1 ppm. This paper discusses the ground conditions and recommends an appropriate range of fluoride in drinking water which can support preventive practices for improving the oral health of children 8-years old and younger. In efforts to address the Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDU), water treatment to reduce contaminant level in potable water has been implemented. Such treatment would also remove fluoride and has resulted in potable water with various fluoride levels, depending on concentrations in the raw water. While it is important to reduce fluoride levels, it is important to have appropriate residual levels for prevention of dental caries. It needs, however, to be noted fluoride in excess can cause dental fluorosis. In Sri Lanka's dry zone areas increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis with decreasing prevalence of dental caries has been noted. Consumption of tea and powdered milk could increase total intake of fluoride. Fluoridated toothpaste, when used properly, may, however, result in negligible intake of fluoride. Sri Lanka's hot tropical climate which results in substantial intake of fluids reinforces the need to consider reduction in water fluoride. Consideration of local studies and international standards indicate fluoride levels should be in the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm. In the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm, the prevalence of dental fluorosis and caries was only 14% and 8%, respectively, in an endemic district. When fluoride levels are above 0.500 ppm, the issue of dental fluorosis shall need to be addressed. When levels are below 0.225 ppm, oral health care services shall need to be directed at preventing dental caries. 相似文献
15.
Oscar Valerio Manjusri Misra Amar K. Mohanty 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2018,26(3):1078-1087
Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was melt blended with glycerol based polyesters (PGS) synthesized from pure and technical glycerol aiming to improve the impact strength of PBS. It was found that after addition of 30 wt% PGS to PBS its impact strength was significantly increased by 344% (from 31.9 to 110 J/m) and its elongation at break was maintained at 220%. Infrared spectra of the blends showed the presence of hydroxyl groups from the PGS phase suggesting that hydrogen bonding between the phases could be responsible for a good stress transfer and an efficient toughening in the PBS/PGS blends. Scanning electron microscopy imaging showed a good dispersion of PGS phase into PBS with a PGS particle size of 10 μm and less and no agglomeration. Addition of PGS to PBS was shown to be an effective strategy for improvement of PBS impact resistance without serious detrimental effects on its thermal and rheological properties. 相似文献
16.
Kåre Hendriksen Birgitte Hoffmann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(33):32964-32974
A good water supply and wastewater management is essential for a local sustainable community development. This is emphasized in the new global goals of the UN Sustainable Development, where the sixth objective is to: “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” (United Nations 2015). This obviously raises the question of how this can be achieved considering the very different conditions and cultures around the globe. This article presents the Greenlandic context and elucidates the current Greenland water supply system and wastewater management system from a socio-technical approach, focusing on the geographic, climatic and cultural challenges. The article identifies a diverse set of system constellations in different parts of Greenland and concludes with a discussion of health and quality of life implications. 相似文献
17.
M. Kansanga P. Andersen D. Kpienbaareh S. Mason-Renton K. Atuoye Y. Sano 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2019,26(1):11-24
Following the renewed effort at achieving a new green revolution for Africa, emphasis has been placed on modernizing smallholder agriculture through the deployment of improved inputs especially mechanized technologies. In Ghana, the government has in the last decade emphasized the provision of subsidized mechanized ploughing services to farmers alongside a rapidly growing private sector tractor service market. While mechanized technology adoption rates have increased rapidly, the deployment of these technologies has been without critical analysis of the impacts on production patterns and local agrarian systems. This paper examines the distributional impacts of agriculture mechanization on cropping patterns and farm sizes of smallholder farmers in northern Ghana using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, and semi-structured interviews with smallholder farmers (n=60). Specifically, comparative analysis of the field sizes and cropping patterns of participant farmers prior to and after the adoption of mechanized technologies was conducted. In-depth interviews were used to contextualize the experiences of smallholder farmers toward understanding how mechanization may be impacting traditional agriculture. Our findings reveal a mechanization paradox in which farm sizes are expanding, while cropping patterns are shifting away from traditional staple crops (pearl millet and sorghum bicolor) to market-oriented crops (maize, rice and groundnuts). This transition we argue, has adverse implications on the cultural dimension of food security, the organization of social life, and climate change adaptation. We recommend a retooling of the current agricultural policy focus to ensure context sensitivity for a more robust battle against food insecurity. 相似文献
18.
Waste accumulation is a grave concern and becoming a transboundary challenge for environment. During Covid-19 pandemic, diverse type of waste were collected due to different practices employed in order to fight back the transmission rate of the virus. Covid-19 was proved to be capricious catastrophe of this 20th century and even not completely eradicated from the world. The havoc created by this imperceptible quick witted, pleomorphic deadly virus can't be ignored. Though a number of vaccines have been developed by the scientists but there is a fear of getting this virus again in our life. Medical studies prove that immunity drinks will help to reduce its reoccurrences. Coconut water is widely used among all drinks available globally. Its massive consumption created an incalculable pile of green coconut shells around the different corners of the world. This practice generating enormous problem of space acquisition for the environment. Both the environment and public health will benefit from an evaluation of quantity of coconut waste that is being thrown and its potential to generate value added products. With this context, present article has been planned to study different aspects like, coconut waste generation, its biological properties and environmental hazards associated with its accumulation. Additionally, this review illustrates, green technologies for production of different value added products from coconut waste. 相似文献
19.
20.