广西高镉异常区水田土壤Cd含量特征及生态风险评价

本研究调查了广西高镉异常区水田土壤中重金属Cd的含量水平,评估其对环境的潜在生态风险.通过初步筛查和详细调查两部分,分批次采集高镉异常区土壤样品共912件,测定土壤Cd含量,并运用单因子污染指数法和潜在风险指数法对水田土壤Cd污染程度及潜在风险进行评价.结果表明:①初查中自然土壤、水田土壤和旱地土壤Cd几何均值分别为0. 915、0. 591和0. 593 mg·kg~(-1).②详查中土壤p H为4. 6～8. 7,介于酸性和弱碱性间.若以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-2018)为标准,平果县、天等县、大新县、隆安县和柳城县水田土壤样点Cd超标严重,融水县水田土壤样点无污染;以土壤基线值为评价标准,田东县、柳城县和融水土壤样点中Cd均为无污染状态;田阳县、平果县、天等县、大新县、隆安县和融安县水田土壤Cd处于轻度-中度污染的比例分别为:4. 2%、3. 7%、14. 9%、2. 6%、7. 1%和1. 4%.③9个县市水田土壤中Cd呈现不同级别潜在生态风险.天等县、大新县和隆安县部分水田土壤样点Cd处于高等生态风险,比例为4. 3%、2. 6%、2. 4%;田阳县、平果县、融安县和柳城县水田土壤Cd表现为中-中高等潜在风险;田东县和融水县处于低潜在生态风险.总体上,研究区水田土壤中Cd整体偏高,长此以往可能会对水稻安全种植产生影响,最终对当地居民产生健康威胁,应引起重视.建议开展对研究区土壤镉生物有效性和水稻镉累积状况研究,以便科学合理地评估其生态风险和健康风险.     

黄海近岸表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析

采集了黄海近岸(日照岚山海域)12个站位的表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,结果显示16种PAHs含量范围在76.384～7512.023 ng·g-1,平均值为2622.576 ng·g-1.低环PAHs组分所占比重较大,中高环PAHs相对较小.利用比值法定性解析PAHs的来源,初步判断PAHs可能来自燃煤、燃油、焦化、柴油泄漏等污染源.进一步引用相关源成分谱,应用化学质量平衡模型(CMB8.2)对PAHs的来源进行定最解析,拟合计算结果表明研究海域表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源为燃煤源、燃油源(主要为柴油燃烧)和焦炉源,其相对贡献率分别为53.99%、25.57%和13.97%.     

Circumpolar status of Arctic ptarmigan: Population dynamics and trends

Rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) and willow ptarmigan (L. lagopus) are Arctic birds with a circumpolar distribution but there is limited knowledge about their status and trends across their circumpolar distribution. Here, we compiled information from 90 ptarmigan study sites from 7 Arctic countries, where almost half of the sites are still monitored. Rock ptarmigan showed an overall negative trend on Iceland and Greenland, while Svalbard and Newfoundland had positive trends, and no significant trends in Alaska. For willow ptarmigan, there was a negative trend in mid-Sweden and eastern Russia, while northern Fennoscandia, North America and Newfoundland had no significant trends. Both species displayed some periods with population cycles (short 3–6 years and long 9–12 years), but cyclicity changed through time for both species. We propose that simple, cost-efficient systematic surveys that capture the main feature of ptarmigan population dynamics can form the basis for citizen science efforts in order to fill knowledge gaps for the many regions that lack systematic ptarmigan monitoring programs.

     

长三角地区"绿水青山"与"金山银山"的耦合协调水平测度及其影响因素

从"绿水青山"和"金山银山"两个方面构建耦合协调评价指标体系,采用主客观相结合的方法测算绿水青山指数和金山银山指数,对长三角15个核心城市2008—2017年"绿水青山"和"金山银山"的耦合协调度进行评价;在此基础上,采用固定效应面板模型对各影响因素进行回归分析。结果表明:2008—2017年间,长三角地区绿水青山指数呈现波动上升趋势,金山银山指数逐年上升;耦合协调度由初级协调阶段逐步提升为中级协调阶段,"绿水青山"和"金山银山"的协调发展程度逐步向好。影响因素分析发现,耦合协调度与经济发展呈现正U型关系;外商直接投资对耦合协调度呈现负向影响;技术进步能够提升耦合协调度;人力资本对耦合协调度的正向影响具有显著滞后效应,人力资本的积累有利于促进"绿水青山"和"金山银山"长期耦合协调发展。     

不同水力条件下圆柱桥墩局部冲刷试验研究∗

桥墩冲刷是导致桥梁水毁的主要原因,研究不同水力条件下局部冲刷对桥梁的影响具有重要意义。通过开展不同流速和水深下圆柱桥墩模型冲刷试验,研究了圆柱桥墩周围泥沙的局部冲刷发展规律,特别是流速和水深对桥墩局部冲刷的影响。试验研究表明:随着时间的发展,最大冲刷深度与冲刷坑范围在前期急剧发展,随后发展逐渐缓慢,直到冲刷处于近似平衡阶段。最大冲刷深度最开始出现在墩前侧方,随后始终出现在墩正前方附近,最小冲刷深度出现在墩的正后方附近,墩后的冲刷深度不足墩前深度的50%。流速和水深是影响桥墩的局部冲刷的关键因素,最大冲刷深度和冲刷坑的范围随着流速和水深增大而增大,相比于水深,冲刷深度和冲刷坑范围受流速的影响较大。     

两种改良型活性污泥法在城市污水处理中的比较

介绍了2种改良型活性污泥法———氧化沟工艺和百乐克工艺的特点,并针对2种工艺实际应用中的情况,分析2种工艺在今后发展应用中的趋势。     

负压二次曝气二氧化氯发生器的研制与应用

以氯酸钠和工业盐酸为基本原料,采用独特的负压二次曝气工艺,在催化剂作用下,经氧化还原反应产生以二氧化氯为主的混合消毒气体,经吸收后形成一定浓度的二氧化氯混合消毒液,与待处理水充分混合,达到杀菌消毒的目的。     

Sustainable Use of Coffee Husks For Reinforcing Polyethylene Composites

The utilization of the coffee husk fiber (CHF) from the coffee industry as a reinforcing filler in the preparation of a cost-effective thermoplastic based composite was explored in this study. The chemical composition and thermal properties of the CHF were investigated and compared with those of wood fiber (WF). CHF proved to be mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, and exhibited similar thermal behavior to WF. High density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with CHF loadings of from 40 to 70% were prepared using melt processing and extrusion. The processing properties, mechanical behavior, water absorption and thermal performance of these composites were investigated. The effect of maleated polyethylene (MAPE) used as a coupling agent on the composite was explored. The experimental results showed that increasing the CHF loading in the HDPE matrix resulted in an increase in the modulus and thermal properties of the composites, but resulted in poor water resistance. The addition of a 4% MAPE significantly improved the interfacial behavior of the hydrophilic lignocellulosic fiber and the hydrophobic polymer matrix.     

Research priorities for managing the impacts and dependencies of business upon food,energy, water and the environment

Delivering access to sufficient food, energy and water resources to ensure human wellbeing is a major concern for governments worldwide. However, it is crucial to account for the ‘nexus’ of interactions between these natural resources and the consequent implications for human wellbeing. The private sector has a critical role in driving positive change towards more sustainable nexus management and could reap considerable benefits from collaboration with researchers to devise solutions to some of the foremost sustainability challenges of today. Yet opportunities are missed because the private sector is rarely involved in the formulation of deliverable research priorities. We convened senior research scientists and influential business leaders to collaboratively identify the top forty questions that, if answered, would best help companies understand and manage their food-energy-water-environment nexus dependencies and impacts. Codification of the top order nexus themes highlighted research priorities around development of pragmatic yet credible tools that allow businesses to incorporate nexus interactions into their decision-making; demonstration of the business case for more sustainable nexus management; identification of the most effective levers for behaviour change; and understanding incentives or circumstances that allow individuals and businesses to take a leadership stance. Greater investment in the complex but productive relations between the private sector and research community will create deeper and more meaningful collaboration and cooperation.     

农药混配制剂环境风险评估现状与展望

本文综述了欧洲和美国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法。详细介绍了欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估体系中的2种方法,即,基础的"整体测试法"和近年来提倡的"基于组分的方法"。"基于组分的方法"的特点是以浓度加和模型(CA模型)作为默认假设进行初级评估,以独立作用模型(IA模型)等作为高级评估手段的农药混配制剂环境风险评估方法。此外,本文还介绍了模型偏差率(MDR)、毒性相似度及毒力单元(TU)等概念以及混配制剂风险评估流程。本文的目的旨在为建立我国农药混配制剂的环境风险评估方法体系提供参考。