Review on plant uptake of PFOS and PFOA for environmental cleanup: potential and implications

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have gained increasing concern due to their persistent characteristics, wide...     

水电站边坡开挖爆破中飞石的成因分析及对策

以某水电站厂房边坡开挖爆破设计及钻爆施工过程控制为例,对爆破产生飞石的原因进行分析,并提出了控制和预防类似事故发生的对策.     

出生前后全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）暴露对大鼠额叶皮质中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2 mRNA水平的影响

为研究出生前后不同时期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)mRNA水平的影响,将28只受孕Wistar大鼠按3:2:2的比例随机分到对照(C)、低剂量(L)和高剂量(H)组中,从妊娠第0天开始分别自由摄食含0、7.2、14.4mg·kg-(1以饲料中的PFOS计)的粉末状饲料进行连续染毒至出生后28天.采用交叉哺育的方法建立出生前后均不暴露(CC)、仅出生前暴露(LC和HC)、仅出生后暴露(CL和CH)、出生前后均暴露(LL和HH)于PFOS的动物模型.采用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平的变化.结果表明,对照组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA在PD14时处于较高水平,而在PD1和PD28时水平较低;IGF-ⅠRmRNA在PD1时只处于较低水平,随年龄的增加而逐渐升高.在PD1时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR、IGFBP-2mRNA水平显著高于对照组(p<0.05).在PD14时,除LC组仔鼠IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著高于对照组之外,其余各暴露组仔鼠3者mRNA水平均显著低于对照组(p<0.01).此外,出生后暴露PFOS组的仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA水平降低程度比出生前暴露PFOS组仔鼠更高.在PD28时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著低于对照组(p<0.01),而IGFBP-2mRNA水平与对照组之间的差异无显著性(p>0.05).出生前后不同时期暴露PFOS导致大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平变化,为PFOS发育神经毒性的研究提供了一定的线索.     

施用生物质炭对土壤Cd、Pb有效性影响的整合分析

大量研究表明生物质炭施用可改变重金属在土壤中的生物有效性,但这种影响取决于土壤理化性质、生物质炭的种类与施用量等.本文以公开发表的81篇有关生物质炭与土壤重金属有效性的研究论文为基础进行归纳整理,采用数据整合分析方法,从土壤性质、生物质炭的特性与施用量等方面量化了生物质炭对土壤有效态Cd、Pb的影响.结果显示,与不施用生物质炭处理相比,施用生物质炭对土壤中Cd和Pb均具有显著的钝化效果,其有效态含量平均降低了37.59%和51.37%.其中,生物质炭对不同质地土壤Cd、Pb钝化效果表现为:砂质土壤壤质土壤粘质土壤,且生物质炭施用可使砂质土壤中有效态Cd、Pb平均降低47.18%和57.82%;生物质炭施用对弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果均最佳,弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量平均降幅分别为50.05%和58.60%,略高于中性土壤,明显高于碱性土壤.从生物质炭类型看,壳渣类生物质炭施用使土壤有效态Cd、Pb降幅最大,分别为58.44%和71.28%;在500～600℃的温度区间下制备获取的生物质炭可使土壤有效态Cd、Pb显著降低52.23%和60.90%;当生物质炭pH在7～8,土壤中Cd的有效态含量降低了71.93%,当生物质炭pH小于7时,有效态Pb降幅最大为61.88%.另外,土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果随着生物质炭施用量的增加而提高,当生物质炭施用量大于5%时,Cd、Pb有效态的降幅最大,分别达到54.41%和77.47%.可见,在选择生物质炭来修复重金属污染土壤时,应根据土壤性质来选择适宜的生物质炭种类及其施用量,以达到更好的钝化效果.     

Evaluating the performance and intellectual structure of construction and demolition waste research during 2000–2016

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste diminishes scarce land resources and endangers human health and the surrounding environment....     

改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

微生物降解麻醉药品生产废水的实验研究

从宜昌人福药业废水处理池的污水中分离得到1株能高效降解麻醉药芬太尼衍生物合成废水的菌株M1,经过对其菌落特征及形态观察,该菌株初步鉴定为拟青霉属(Paecilomyces),并对其降解废水的最佳条件进行了研究.研究表明,当反萃取后水相(COD为22 550 mg/L)的稀释倍数为10时,M1降解该废水的最佳条件为:pH 6.0,温度30℃,摇床转速100 r/min,富集培养液用量3%,最佳菌悬液(3 g菌丝体/菌悬液)接种量10%,经过大约6 d的降解,废水的COD去除率高于97%,最终COD值达到国家一级排放标准(≤50 mg/L).此研究结果为微生物在处理该类药物合成废水中的实际应用提供了依据.     

Persistence and vertical distribution of termiticide fipronil in modified ground board test

Fipronil termiticide belongs to phenyl-pyrazole class of chemical compounds. It has broad-spectrum activity particularly against house hold pests such as cockroaches, mosquitoes, locusts, ticks, and fleas at both larval and adult stages. At high dosage it can be used to control subterranean termites in building foundations. To evaluate long term efficacy against termites the persistence and vertical distribution of fipronil was studied under natural weather conditions of Dehradun, India. Fipronil was applied at four concentrations i.e. 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% a.i ha⁻¹ by drenching 17 × 17 in.² plot prepared as per modified ground board test. Soil samples were collected after 22, 38 and 56 months of treatment up to the depth of 75 cm. The soil core was cut into five distinct sections i.e. 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, 45–60 and 60–75 cm depth. The residues were extracted by shaking 20 g soil sample with acetone. The acetone extract was concentrated and cleaned-up over florisil column. Fipronil residues were estimated on GLC at 220, 260, and 300°C oven, injector and detector temperature respectively. Fipronil was found to persist beyond 56 months after application. Two metabolites viz. desulfinyl and sulfide-fipronil were detected in sampling after 22 months of application that also dissipated with time. Fipronil residues were found up to 60 cm depth. The residues in deeper layers dissipate slowly with time and after 56 months of treatment residues were detected only up to 30 cm depth.     

High prevalence of infections and pathological changes in burbot (Lota lota) from a polluted lake (Lake Mjøsa,Norway)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affected a fish population in Lake Mjøsa. Lake Mjøsa is known to be contaminated by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a subgroup of brominated flame retardants from local industrial activities. Fish from Lake Losna, a less contaminated lake located close to Lake Mjøsa, was used as reference (control).The sampling of burbot (Lota lota) was carried out between 2005 and 2008. Hepatic levels of POPs were analysed in burbot from the two lakes, and the fish were examined for bacterial- and parasite infection and histopathological changes. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and PBDEs were about 10, 15 and 300 times higher in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to fish from Lake Losna. Mycobacterium salmoniphilum was present in 7% and 35% of the fish from Lake Losna and Lake Mjøsa respectively. Significantly higher number of external and visceral macroscopic lesions, histopathological diffuse changes and granulomas were seen in fish from Lake Mjøsa compared to Lake Losna. Furthermore the parasite infection was higher and the hepatic lipid content was significantly lower in burbot from Lake Mjøsa. The results of the present study suggest that the high level of contamination in Lake Mjøsa could have a negative impact on the health status of wild fish inhabiting the lake.