Ecoregions and ecosystem management in China

Ecological regionalization is a base for rational management and sustainable utilization of ecosystems and natural resources. It can provide a scientific basis for constructing healthy ecological environments and making policies of environmental management. In this paper, based on synthetic analysis of the characteristics of the ecology and environments of China, the principles of ecological regionalization are discussed, and indices and nomenclature of ecological regionalization are proposed. The ecoregions on a national scale are divided. The results show that there are 3 domains, 13 ecoregions and 57 ecodistricts. The present scheme can be used as a framework for ecosystem assessment and management. Based on the ecoregions, measurements of management for forest, grassland, agriculture and wetland ecosystems are recommended. The experience and information can be used within and beyond the national scale for land-use planning, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration.     

Regression-type estimators for adaptive two-stage sequential sampling

Adaptive two-stage sequential sampling (ATSSS) design was developed to observe more rare units and gain higher efficiency, in the sense of having a smaller variance estimator, than conventional sampling designs with equal effort for rare and spatially cluster populations. For certain rare populations, incorporating auxiliary variables into a sampling design can further improve the observation of rare units and increase efficiency. In this article, we develop regression-type estimators for ATSSS so that auxiliary variables can be incorporated into the ATSSS design when warranted. Simulation studies on two populations show that the regression-type estimators can significantly increase the efficiency of ATSSS and the detection of more rare units as compared to conventional sampling counterparts. Simulation of sampling of desert shrubs in Inner Mongolia (one of the two populations studied) showed that by incorporating a GIS auxiliary variable into ATSSS with the regression estimators resulted in a gain in efficiency over ATSSS without the auxiliary variable. Further, we found that the use of the GIS auxiliary variable in a conventional two-stage design with a regression estimator did not show a gain in efficiency.     

冻融作用对土壤磷素迁移转化影响研究进展

磷素是生态系统中重要的生源要素之一,其在土壤中的丰缺变化制约着植物的生长状况,寒冷地区土壤的结构与理化性质常年受到冻结和融化的周期性影响,而冻融作用又强烈的影响着土壤磷的迁移转化途径,磷的生物地球化学行为是生态系统初级生产力的决定因素之一。系统的归纳分析了近年来国内外关于土壤吸附作用、土壤含水率以及土壤生物对磷素迁移转化过程影响的研究报道,主要研究结论认为：（1）冻融循环导致土壤颗粒粒径变小以及铁铝化合物形态改变,进而影响了磷在冻融土壤上的吸附行为;（2）土壤水在冻融作用下的固液相转换改变了土壤浸提液中磷的含量,而土壤含水率的高低与磷在土壤中的汇聚和释放存在密切关系;（3）土壤微生物和植物体内的磷在冻融过程中成为土壤中有机磷的主要来源之一。众多研究结果显示,同一制约因素在冻融作用驱动下对土壤磷的影响效果各不相同,这是因为冻融过程中土壤成分、水分含量、冻融时间、循环次数、植被类型和微生物状况等条件共同影响着磷的迁移转化行为,众多相互关联的因子产生的综合效应导致磷在冻融土壤中的迁移转化行为各异。总结分析当前的研究成果,提出冻融作用对土壤磷的影响应在土壤景观尺度、研究方法和手段、预防和治理措施方面进行深入的研究和探索。     

孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸暴露对子代大鼠糖代谢的影响

探讨孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对子代大鼠成年后糖代谢稳态的影响。Wistar孕鼠随机分组,自孕0天(GD0)起分别以0 mg·kg^-1(对照组)、4 mg·kg^-1(低剂量组)和8 mg·kg^-1 (高剂量组) PFOS(以饲料中PFOS计)经口染毒至仔鼠出生后21天(PND21)断乳为止。高效液相/质谱法检测PND1、PND21和PND42时仔鼠血清PFOS含量。检测仔鼠断乳后第8周和第18周时空腹血糖和胰岛素水平计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);比较仔鼠口服糖耐量及肝脏糖代谢关键酶表达水平改变。结果显示：发育期PFOS暴露导致仔鼠出现血清中PFOS蓄积,以PND21时浓度最高,在低剂量组和高剂量组中分别为(7.77±1.45) μg·mL^-1和(5.09±0.57) μg·mL^-1。与对照组相比,不同剂量组仔鼠在断乳前后均出现明显体重降低,并在成年后出现高胰岛素血症,但PFOS仅在雄性仔鼠中引起了血糖升高。18周龄时口服糖耐量结果显示,PFOS暴露使雄性仔鼠在该阶段出现糖耐量受损,同时造成过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ协同刺激因子(PGC-1)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)表达水平的显著增高以及葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6P)表达水平的显著降低。以上结果说明PFOS孕哺期暴露可引起子代成年后糖代谢失调,有增加糖尿病患病风险可能。     

利用SOS/umu测试方法鉴定沙颍河河水中的遗传毒性物质

采用HPLC分割导向的SOS/umu测试方法鉴定了沙颍河河水中的遗传毒性物质。当采用TA1535/pSK1002菌株测定HPLC分割的各馏分时,如果不经大鼠肝微粒体酶(S9)代谢活化,只有馏分F10显示遗传毒性,加入大鼠肝微粒体酶代谢活化后,馏分F10和馏分F15都显示有遗传毒性,说明河水中存在某些需经过大鼠肝微粒体酶代谢活化才能显示出遗传毒性的物质。当采用过量表达O-乙酰转移酶(O-AT),对芳香胺类物质和硝基芳烃化合物有特殊响应的NM2009菌株测定时,馏分F8、F9和F10均呈现遗传毒性;特别是对于馏分F10,用NM2009菌株测定的遗传毒性远高于原始菌,说明这3个馏分中都含有芳香胺类或硝基芳烃类物质。     

利用改进的SOS/umu方法检测水处理过程中污染物的遗传毒性效应

SOS/umu遗传毒性测试方法被广泛应用于化合物和复杂混合物遗传毒性的评价,但是目前已报道方法的实验周期长达17 h,给实验操作带来了不便,因此亟需对常规方法进行改进。建立了测试周期可小于8 h(2 h预培养,4.5 h暴露培养) 的SOS/umu快速测定方法之后,应用改进后的方法对5种典型遗传毒性物质, 4-硝基喹啉1-氧化物(4-NQO)、丝裂霉素C(MMC)、甲磺酸甲酯(MMS)、2-氨基蒽(2-AA)和苯并芘(BaP)进行测定,结果表明,改进后的SOS/umu方法对4-NQO、MMC、MMS、2-AA和BaP的检测限分别为0.013±0.0031、0.031±0.0028、229.18±60.51、2.29±1.22和1.28±0.0698 μmol·L^-1,优于或者相当于报道方法。采用经典方法和改进后的方法对全国两个地区6个环境水样的遗传毒性进行测定,结果表明,两种方法检测出的6个环境水样的遗传毒性强度无显著性差异。另外,将研究方法应用于北方某市甲乙两个水厂原水、出厂水和管网水的遗传毒性评价,结果表明,两个水厂的原水、出厂水和管网水均表现出一定的直接遗传毒性,对应的4-NQO当量浓度(TEQ4-NQO)在0.0012 μg·L^-1至0.0129 μg·L^-1之间;加入鼠肝微粒体酶系统(S9)后,仅有乙水厂的管网水检测出极其微弱的遗传毒性效应。以上研究结果表明,改进后的SOS/umu快速测定方法能够实现在短时间（8h）内完成环境化合物及环境样品的遗传毒性检测,为筛选和评价化合物和复杂环境样品的遗传毒性提供了更为快捷的手段。     

太湖水体中5种有机磷农药混合物生态风险评价

有机磷农药是一类广泛分布于我国水环境中的污染物,即使在水体中的污染水平处于规定“安全标准”之下,其联合暴露产生的风险仍有可能威胁水生生态安全。采用基于浓度加和模型与生物敏感度分布曲线的混合物风险商法,评价了太湖水体中敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和乐果5种有机磷农药混合物产生的生态风险。结果表明：2003～2004年期间3个不同时期太湖水体中5种有机磷农药的混合物生态风险商(RQ_m )均大于1,有机磷农药混合物在2003～2004年期间对太湖水生生物构成了一定威胁。     

The effect of preparation conditions of Pt/Al2O3 on its catalytic performance for the H2-SCR in the presence of oxygen

Selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by H₂ in the presence of oxygen has been investigated over Pt/ Al₂O₃ catalysts pre-treated under different conditions. Catalyst preparation conditions exert significant influence on the catalytic performance, and the catalyst pre-treated by H₂ or H₂ then followed by O₂ is much more active than that pre-treated by air. The higher surface area and the presence of metallic Pt over Pt/Al₂O₃ pre-treated by H₂ or pretreated by H₂ then followed by O₂ can contribute to the formation of NO₂, which then promotes the reaction to proceed at low temperatures.     

Crystalline mesoporous transition metal oxides: hard-templating synthesis and application in environmental catalysis

Mesoporous silicas such as MCM-41 and SBA-15 possess high surface areas, ordered nanopores, and excellent thermal stability, and have been often used as catalyst supports. Although mesoporous metal oxides have lower surface areas compared to mesoporous silicas, they generally have more diversified functionalities. Mesoporous metal oxides can be synthesized via a soft-templating or hard-templating approach, and these materials have recently found some applications in environmental catalysis, such as CO oxidation, N₂O decomposition, and elimination of organic pollutants. In this review, we summarize the synthesis of mesoporous transition metal oxides using mesoporous silicas as hard templates, highlight the application of these materials in environmental catalysis, and furnish some prospects for future development.     

Removal of sulfadiazine from aqueous solution on kaolinite

The adsorption of sulfadiazine onto kaolinite clay as an alternative adsorbent was examined in aqueous solution, hnpacts of the contact time, pH, temperature, ionic strength and coexistent surfactants on the adsorption process were evaluated. The pH significantly influenced the adsorption process, with adsorption being promoted at lower pH due to the cation exchange mechanism. Decreasing ionic strength in the solution was favorable for adsorption, and the addition of cationic and anionic surfactants had negative effects on the adsorption capacity of sulfadiazine on kaolinite. Kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption was well described by both Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich （DR） models. According to the DR model, the adsorption mechanism was determined by cationic exchange and weak physical forces. The thermodynamic study showed that sulfadiazine adsorption onto kaolinite was a sponta- neous and endothermic reaction.