·OH的形成机理及在水处理中的应用

以产生大量·OH为特点的高级氧化水处理技术已逐渐成为各国水处理技术研究的热点。在讨论·OH氧化能力的同时 ,重点讨论了Fenton法、纳米光催化氧化法、电化学催化降解法以及超声降解法·OH的形成机理 ,介绍了它们在水处理中的工业化应用及进展情况 ,展望了今后在该领域中多种氧化降解方法协同作用的发展方向     

TBT对大鼠肝脏ROS、抗氧化酶和解毒系统酶的影响

 研究了三丁基锡(TBT)对大鼠肝脏ROS、抗氧化酶和解毒系统酶的影响.SD大鼠随机分为6组,TBT染毒剂量各组分别为,0,0.1,0.3,1.0,3.0,10.0mg/kg(B·W),连续灌胃7d,第8d处死,取肝脏检测活性氧(ROS)水平、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量.结果表明,ROS随TBT浓度增加而升高,各浓度组均有显著性差异.在0.3,1.0mg/kg时,GST活性升高且具有显著性差异,在3.0,10.0mg/kg有下降趋势;GR活性也升高且具有显著性差异.CAT活性及GSH含量在各浓度组均无明显变化.研究结果提示,染毒各组ROS水平明显升高,而与ROS去除有直接关系的GSH水平和CAT活性没有发生相关的变化,因此TBT在代谢转化过程中产生的自由基不能及时被清除可能是导致ROS水平明显升高的重要原因.     

胶州湾COD、N、P污染物浓度数值模拟

在已建潮流模型的基础上，建立了胶州湾三维变边界污染物平流-扩散模型，模拟了胶州湾COD、N、P污染物现状浓度分布。结果表明，胶州湾主要污染因子为N，海湾东北部污染较为严重，东岸形成一条狭长的带状污染区，模拟结果与实测资料符合良好。本文统计了COD、N、P超标面积，N超一类水域面积为253km^2，占整个胶州湾面积的64％，COD和P大部分水域满足一类海水水质标准。模拟结果可为胶州湾水质管理、入海污染物总量控制提供依据。     

某军机整体壁板裂纹损伤强度评估研究

用全机有限元模型模拟损伤部位的局部位移和力边界条件,对机翼整体壁板高应力区的裂纹型损伤分析,研究了不同损伤尺寸对整体壁板强度的影响,给出损伤尺寸与残余过载、残余强度系数的关系,结论对外场评定战伤飞机损伤程度提供依据.     

Effects of four chlorobenzenes on serum sex steroids and hepatic microsome enzyme activities in crucian carp, Carassius auratus

Four chlorobenzenes (chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-methylbenzene) were administrated to the crucian carps (Carassius auratus) by peritoneal injections in the laboratory for 30 days. Serum testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations were detected using radioimmunology assay (RIA), and the activities of two hepatic microsome enzymes, glutathione s-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), were measured using the modified methods as described by Habig and Owens. Results showed that the four chlorobenzenes caused significant increases in serum testosterone concentration in the crucian carps (P < 0.05) compared to the controls, but they caused no significant effect on 17 beta-estradiol level. All test chemicals caused a change in hepatic GST activity in crucian carps, with significant increases in enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and p-chloro-methylbenzene resulted in a marked inhibition to UDPGT activity in crucian carp (P < 0.05) except 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The changes in hepatic microsome enzyme activities may have resulted in the alterations of serum sex steroids levels in the crucian carps. The results indicated that these four chlorobenzenes may result in the changes of endocrine functions and may affect the reproductive success of this and other species.     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper in three green microalgal species

The effective concentrations of copper on the inhibition of the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Closterium lunula at 96 h (96 h EC50) were determined to be 50, 68 and 200 microg/l, respectively. The low initial bioaccumulation of Cu by C. lunula was found to be responsible for its tolerance to Cu. The amount of Cu accumulated by all three microalgae reached the maximum value and decreased quickly after the peak followed by a slow decrease over the next 6 d. Bioaccumulation of Cu by C. lunula was directly proportional to the initial Cu concentration. After reaching the first peak after 1 d, the bioconcentration factor of Cu by microalgae declined to its minimum value during the exponential growth phase but increased in the stationary growth phase again. This indicates that desorption of Cu from microalgae was higher during the exponential growth phase but lower in the stationary growth phase. Smaller microalgae with low 96 h EC50 values are more efficient in removing Cu from wastewater.     

国家标准环境监测实验室建设的思考

围绕环境监测现代化建设目标，提出了实现实验室标准化管理的必要性，阐述了实验室认可的发展及认可的内容，探讨了创建标准化实验室实施的要点。     

燃烧法处理酚醛废水的试验

论述了燃烧法处理高浓度含苯酚,甲醛废水的原理及技术方法。该法一次性投资代,占地少,操作简单,运作费用低。去除效果明显,同时为回收废水中酚醛的技术留有余地,具有良好的推广应用前景．     

Properties of pyrolytic chars and activated carbons derived from pilot-scale pyrolysis of used tires

Used tires were pyrolyzed in a pilot-scale quasi-inert rotary kiln. Influences of variables, such as time, temperature, and agent flow, on the activation of obtained char were subsequently investigated in a laboratory-scale fixed bed. Mesoporous pores are found to be dominant in the pore structures of raw char. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surfaces of activated chars increased linearly with carbon burnoff. The carbon burnoff of tire char achieved by carbon dioxide (CO2) under otherwise identical conditions was on average 75% of that achieved by steam, but their BET surfaces are almost the same. The proper activation greatly improved the aqueous adsorption of raw char, especially for small molecular adsorbates, for example, phenol from 6 to 51 mg/g. With increasing burnoff, phenol adsorption exhibited a first-stage linear increase followed by a rapid drop after 30% burnoff. Similarly, iodine adsorption first increased linearly, but it held as the burnoff exceeded 40%, which implied that the reduction of iodine adsorption due to decreasing micropores was partially made up by increasing mesopores. Both raw chars and activated chars showed appreciable adsorption capacity of methylene-blue comparable with that of commercial carbons. Thus, tire-derived activated carbons can be used as an excellent mesoporous adsorbent for larger molecular species.