Immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions on kaolinite and montmorillonite surfaces from aqueous medium

The present study investigates the immobilization of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) on clays (kaolinite and montmorillonite) in aqueous medium through the process of adsorption under a set of variables (concentration of metal ion, amount of clay, pH, time and temperature of interaction). Increasing pH favours the removal of metal ions till they are precipitated as the insoluble hydroxides. The uptake is rapid with maximum adsorption being observed within 180 min for Pb(II) and Ni(II) and 240 min for Cd(II). A number of available models like the Lagergren pseudo first-order kinetics, second-order kinetics, Elovich equation, liquid film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion are utilized to evaluate the kinetics and the mechanism of the immobilization interactions. Two isotherm equations due to Langmuir and Freundlich showed good fits with the experimental data. Kaolinite and montmorillonite have considerable Langmuir monolayer capacity with respect to Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II), the values being in the range of 6.8-11.5mg/g (kaolinite) and 21.1-31.1mg/g (montmorillonite). The Freundlich adsorption capacity follows a similar order. The thermodynamics of the immobilization process indicates the same to be exothermic with Pb(II) and Ni(II), but endothermic with Cd(II). The interactions with Pb(II) and Ni(II) are accompanied by decrease in entropy and Gibbs energy while the endothermic immobilization of Cd(II) is supported by an increase in entropy and an appreciable decrease in Gibbs energy. The results have established good potentiality for kaolinite and montmorillonite to remove heavy metals like Pb(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous medium through adsorption-mediated immobilization.     

基于野外数据建立大型底栖动物电导率水质基准的可行性探讨

科学合理地设定水质基准是水生生物保护和水生态系统恢复的基础。水体电导率数值的高低由溶解于其中的各种阴阳离子的浓度所决定,而较多的研究也证明电导率能够显著地影响水生生物类群,特别是大型底栖动物物种存活和群落结构的稳定性。离子组成的复杂性,导致无法开展基于室内实验的水生生物电导率基准值的推导。本文借鉴美国环境保护局基于野外调查数据建立电导率基准值的方法,采用流行病学打分方法,分别从电导率是否对大型底栖动物敏感物种存在毒性效应、人为干扰的增强是否会通过电导率产生毒性作用,以及其他环境因子是否对电导率基准值的制定产生影响3个方面,探讨了基于野外数据建立我国电导率基准的可行性。研究区域为辽河流域的浑河及太子河,野外调查数据采集于2009年8月至2010年5月。研究结果表明,电导率的升高显著降低了大型底栖动物敏感物种的出现频率。通过分析研究区域土地利用方式同电导率之间的相关性,证明了农业和城镇建设用地比例的增加显著地增加了水体中电导率的数值。对有可能引起物种消失的其他环境因子进行分析,结果表明电导率是引起大型底栖动物消失的主要原因。综合以上结果,基于野外调查数据来建立大型底栖动物电导率基准值是可行的,为我国水质基准的研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

Occurrence and migration of microplastics and plasticizers in different wastewater and sludge treatment units in municipal wastewater treatment plant

● Reduce the quantifying MPs time by using Nile red staining. ● The removal rate of MPs and PAEs in wastewater and sludge were investigated. ● MPs and PAEs were firstly analyzed during thermal hydrolysis treatment. ● The removal of PAEs from wastewater and sludge was mainly biodegradation. Microplastics (MPs) and plasticizers, such as phthalate esters (PAEs), were frequently detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTP). Previous research mainly studied the removal of MPs and PAEs in wastewater. However, the occurrence of MPs and PAEs in the sludge was generally ignored. To comprehensively investigate the occurrence and the migration behaviors of MPs and PAEs in MWTP, a series of representative parameters including the number, size, color, shape of MPs, and the concentrations of PAEs in wastewater and sludge were systematically investigated. In this study, the concentrations of MPs in the influent and effluent were 15.46±0.37 and 0.30±0.14 particles/L. The MP removal efficiency of 98.1% was achieved and about 73.8% of MPs were accumulated in the sludge in the MWTP. The numbers of MPs in the sludge before and after digestion were 4.40±0.14 and 0.31±0.01 particles/g (dry sludge), respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analysis showed that the main types of MPs were polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS). Six PAEs, including phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), ortho dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and bis(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP), were detected in the MWTP. The concentrations of total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in the influent and effluent were 76.66 and 6.28 µg/L, respectively. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the sludge before and after digestion were 152.64 and 31.70 µg/g, respectively. In the process of thermal hydrolysis, the number and size of MPs decreased accompanied by the increase of the plasticizer concentration.     

电子废弃物聚丙烯制备木塑复合材的研究

探讨了电子废弃物聚丙烯(PP)制备木塑复合材料(WPC)的可行性及其主要影响因子。研究结果表明:电子废弃物PP具备制备木塑复合材料的可行性,PP和木纤维混合比例是影响WPC性能的关键因子之一,加入适量的PPg-MAH有利于提高WPC的力学性能,并大幅度降低其吸水性,当PP与木纤维比例为60∶40,PP-g-MAH使用量为10%时,WPC可获得较好的综合性能指标。     

In vitro biotransformation of PBDEs by root crude enzyme extracts: Potential role of nitrate reductase (NaR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in their debromination

In order to investigate the enzyme transformation of PBDEs and to track the key enzymes involved in PBDE degradation in plants, in vivo exposure of plants of ryegrass, pumpkin and maize and in vitro exposure of their root crude enzyme extracts to PBDEs were conducted. Degradation of PBDEs in the root crude enzyme solutions fit well with the first order kinetics (R² = 0.52–0.97, P < 0.05), and higher PBDEs degraded faster than the lower ones. PBDEs could be transformed to lower brominated PBDEs and hydroxylated-PBDEs by the root crude enzyme extracts with debromination as the main pathway which contributed over 90% of PBDE depletion. In vitro and in vivo exposure to PBDEs produced similar responses in root enzyme activities of which the nitroreductase (NaR) and glutathione-transferase (GST) activities decreased significantly, while the peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome P-450 activities had no significant changes. Furthermore, higher enzyme concentrations of NaR and GST led to higher PBDE debromination rates, and the time-dependent activities of NaR and GST in the root crude enzyme extracts were similar to the trends of PBDE depletion. All these results suggest that NaR and GST were the key enzymes responsible for PBDE degradation. This conclusion was further confirmed by the in vitro debromination of PBDEs with the commercial pure NaR and GST.     

Improved computational model (AQUIFAS) for activated sludge, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, and moving-bed biofilm reactor systems, Part I: Semi-empirical model development

Research was undertaken to develop a model for activated sludge, integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS), and moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) systems. The model can operate with up to 12 cells (reactors) in series, with biofilm media incorporated to one or more cells, except the anaerobic cells. The process configuration can be any combination of anaerobic, anoxic, aerobic, post-anoxic with or without supplemental carbon, and reaeration; it can also include any combination of step feed and recycles, including recycles for mixed liquor, return activated sludge, nitrates, and membrane bioreactors. This paper presents the structure of the model. The model embeds a biofilm model into a multicell activated sludge model. The biofilm flux rates for organics, nutrients, and biomass can be computed by two methods--a semi-empirical model of the biofilm that is relatively simpler, or a diffusional model that is computationally intensive. The values of the kinetic parameters for the model were measured using pilot-scale activated sludge, IFAS, and MBBR systems. For the semiempirical version, a series of Monod equations were developed for chemical oxygen demand, ammonium-nitrogen, and oxidized-nitrogen fluxes to the biofilm. Within the equations, a second Monod expression is used to simulate the effect of changes in biofilm thickness and fraction nitrifiers in the biofilm. The biofilm flux model is then linked to the activated sludge model. The diffusional model and the verification of the models are presented in subsequent papers (Sen and Randall, 2008a, 2008b). The model can be used to quantify the amount of media and surface area required to achieve nitrification, identify the best locations for the media, and optimize the dissolved oxygen levels and nitrate recycle rates. Some of the advanced features include the ability to apply different media types and fill fractions in cells; quantify nitrification, denitrification, and biomass production in the biofilm and mixed liquor suspended solids; and perform dynamic simulations.     

基于BDPs的多级土壤渗滤系统处理受污染河水的试验研究

针对受污染的流入滇池的河流河水,采用具有曝气段和缺氧段的两段式多级土壤渗滤(multi-soil-layering,MSL)系统,开展了在缺氧段添加非水溶性可生物降解多聚物(BDPs)材料PBS颗粒的强化脱氮除磷研究.结果表明,添加PBS碳源可有效解决传统MSL系统因碳源不足而导致的脱氮效果不理想的问题.在河水污染较轻及较重两种情况下,系统对TN的平均去除率分别达到78%、85%,平均单位表面去除负荷分别为9.09g·m-·2d-1、24.55g·m-·2d-1;TP平均去除率分别达到92%、98%,平均单位表面去除负荷分别为0.76g·m-·2d-1、2.02g·m-·2d-1.此外,系统对COD的平均去除率可达到75%以上.     

污水土地处理系统构造对水力特性影响研究

在污水土地处理系统的模型反应器中进行流态试验,使用停留时间分布(RTD)分析理论,探索反应器不同构造的水流流态。试验表明,升流式和降流式的反应器流态均接近推流;无因次平均停留时间分别为0.974和0.845。由于在整个水平过水断面上承托层的布水作用及集水层的集水作用,系统采用不同管网布设程度的布水和集水方式对流态的影响不大,体积效率均在90%以上。填料层高度对流态有一定影响,当高度为40 cm时流态最接近推流,水流的轴向扩散系数最小,其值为0.027,属于低扩散程度。     

利用氮氧同位素解析赤水河流域水体硝酸盐来源及其时空变化特征

赤水河流域作为长江上游重要的水源涵养区,其生态环境状况及水环境质量备受关注。为了了解流域河水氮素来源,本次研究利用硝酸盐稳定同位素(~(15)N、~(18)O)示踪技术并结合流域土地利用类型空间分布分析了赤水河流域丰水期与枯水期干流及主要支流河水硝酸盐来源与转化过程。结果表明,流域水体NO_3~-浓度具有明显的时空变化,其中丰水期NO_3~-浓度要高于枯水期,喀斯特区域的NO_3~-浓度要高于非喀斯特区域。流域干、支流水体δ~(15)N-NO_3~-、δ~(18)O-NO_3~-季节性差异明显,丰水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较大,干流差异较小,而枯水期支流δ~(15)N-NO_3~-差异较小,干流差异较大。结合氮氧同位素和土地利用信息发现,丰水期支流NO_3~-受其土地利用方式的影响,其来源具有多样性;干流NO_3~-浓度则主要受支流混合作用影响。枯水期干流NO_3~-受流域人为活动影响较为显著,点源输入造成水体氮同位素分布范围较宽,主要来源表现为生活污水和土壤有机氮;而支流NO_3~-多表现为土壤有机氮来源,部分支流受流域内城镇影响,生活污水对河流NO_3~-贡献较大。流域水体氮污染控制应以农业面源氮流失为主,同时严格控制点源污染的输入。     

西安市大气降水的主要化学组分及其来源

为认识西安市大气降水主要化学组分的现状,对2019年西安市市区和郊区大气降水样品的pH值、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属的质量浓度、湿沉降通量和来源进行了研究.结果表明,西安市冬季大气降水pH、电导率、水溶性离子和重金属浓度均高于其它季节.降水中主要的水溶性离子为Ca²⁺、 NH⁺₄、 SO■和NO^-₃,其之和占总离子浓度的(88.5±2.8)%;市区和郊区主要重金属是Zn和Fe、 Zn和Mn,其之和分别占总金属浓度的(54.0%±3)%和(47.0%±8)%.市区和郊区降水中水溶性离子的湿沉降通量分别为(253.2±58.4)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(241.9±61.1)mg·(m²·month)^-1,呈现出冬季高于其他季节的特点;重金属的湿沉降通量分别为(86.2±37.5)mg·(m²·month)^-1和(88.1±37.4)mg·(m...