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51.
Hans Horst Meyer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1934,22(36):598-601
52.
53.
Kurt H. Meyer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1927,15(6):129-134
54.
Both phytophagous and parasitic insects deposit oviposition-marking pheromones (OMPs) following oviposition that function
to inform conspecifics of a previously utilized host of reduced suitability. The blueberry maggot fly, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), deposits eggs individually into blueberries and then marks the fruit surface with an OMP which
reduces acceptance of fruit for oviposition by conspecifics. Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitic wasp attacking larval R. mendax which also deposits an OMP, signaling conspecifics of a wasp-occupied host. Behavioral studies were conducted testing the
hypothesis that the OMP of the parasitic wasp modifies the oviposition behavior of its host fly. In this study, we show that
the OMP of D. alloeum is recognized by R. mendax, and female flies will reject wasp-marked fruit for oviposition. Thus, we present a rare demonstration of pheromonal recognition
between animals occupying different taxonomic orders and trophic levels. This chemical eavesdropping may enhance the ability
of the fly to avoid fruit unsuitable for larval development. 相似文献
55.
The giant clam Tridacna crocea harbors in the mantle tissue symbiotic microalgae commonly called zooxanthellae. Isolated zooxanthellae release glycerol
into the medium in the presence of mantle tissue homogenate (MH), but it is not clear whether the cells do so in situ. In
order to determine the photosynthetic products released by zooxanthellae in the mantle of the giant clam we traced photosynthetic
fixation products from 13C- and 14C-bicarbonate both in the clam and in isolated zooxanthellae (IZ) in the presence or absence of MH. After 15 min incubation
in the absence of MH the IZ released less than 0.6% of the fixed labeled carbon, mainly as glucose. The major intracellular
photosynthates were neutral lipids, which constituted 20 to 40% of the total extractable 14C. In the presence of MH, the IZ released up to 5.6% of the total fixed 14C, mostly as glycerol, and the major intracellular photosynthate was glucose. In an intact clam incubated in sea water containing
14C-bicarbonate, 46 to 80% of the fixed 14C was translocated from the zooxanthellae to the host tissues. Most of the 14C in the hemolymph, in the isolated zooxanthellae and in intact mantle tissue (containing zooxanthellae) was recovered as
glucose. No 14C-glycerol was detected in the mantle after 1 to 30 min incubation, and, even after 60 min, far less 14C-glycerol was synthesized than by IZ in the presence of MH. The possibility that in clam tissue glycerol is converted to
glucose was examined by tracing the labeled carbon from 14C-glycerol injected into the adductor muscle. After 5 min incubation, no labeled glucose was found in the hemolymph, but after
60 min, some 20% was found as glucose. Thin slices containing zooxanthellae, cut from the surface of the mantle, fixed inorganic
carbon supplied as NaH14CO3 in the medium and mainly released 14C-glucose. The addition of MH to the surrounding medium did not affect the release rate or form of release product. When the
slices were cut into smaller pieces, however, the ratio of glycerol to glucose in the release product increased. These results
indicate that in the presence of MH the metabolism of isolated zooxan- thellae was different from that of zooxanthellae in
the mantle. In the presence of MH, isolated zooxanthellae release mostly glycerol, whereas in the mantle they release glucose.
Received: 18 February 1998 / Accepted: 4 December 1998 相似文献
56.
We equipped individual tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier Péron and Lesueur, 1822) and Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis Snodgrass and Heller, 1905) sharks with both acoustic and satellite transmitters to quantify their long-term movements in
the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands). Tiger sharks exhibited two broad patterns
of behavior. Some individuals were detected at French Frigate Shoals (FFS) year round, whereas others visited FFS atoll in
summer to forage on fledging albatross, then swam thousands of kilometers along the Hawaiian chain, or out into open ocean
to the North Pacific transition zone chlorophyll front, before returning to FFS in subsequent years. These patterns suggest
tiger sharks may use cognitive maps to navigate between distant foraging areas. Different patterns of spatial behavior may
arise because cognitive maps are built up through individual exploration, and each tiger shark learns a unique combination
of foraging sites. Galapagos shark detections were all associated with FFS, suggesting these sharks may be more resident around
oceanic islands. Both Galapagos and tiger sharks primarily used the mixed layer (<100 m depth) and made occasional deeper
dives through the thermocline down to 680 m. Results show reef-associated sharks utilize a wide variety of habitats ranging
from shallow atoll lagoons to deep reefs and open ocean and may provide important trophic links between these habitats. 相似文献
57.
We explored the interacting effects of marine-derived nutrient fertilization and physical disturbance introduced by coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis) on the production and nutrient status of pristine shrub and tree communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA. We compared production of trees and shrubs between latrines and non-latrines, while accounting for otter site selection, by sampling areas on and off sites. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis (delta15N) indicated that dominant tree and shrub species assimilated the marine-derived N excreted by otters. In association with this uptake, tree production increased, but shrub density and nonwoody aboveground shrub production decreased. The reduced shrub production was caused by destruction of ramets, especially blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), through physical disturbance by river otters. False azalea (Menziesia ferruginea) ramets were less sensitive to otter disturbance. Although surviving individual blueberry ramets showed a tendency for increased production per plant, false azalea allocated excess N to storage in leaves rather than growth. We found that plant responses to animal activity vary among species and levels of biological organization (leaf, plant, ecosystem). Such differences should be accounted for when assessing the influence of river otters on the carbon budget of Alaskan coastal forests at the landscape scale. 相似文献
58.
Differential movement patterns and site fidelity among trophic groups of reef fishes in a Hawaiian marine protected area 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We tracked the long-term movements of 70 parrotfishes, surgeonfishes and goatfishes captured inside a small (1.3 km2) marine protected area (MPA: Kealakekua Bay Marine Life Conservation District, Hawaii) by implanting them with small transmitters
and deploying underwater monitoring devices inside the bay and along 100 km of the adjacent west Hawaii coastline. Individual
fish were detected inside Kealakekua Bay for up to 612 days but many were detected for much shorter periods (median = 52 days).
There were species-specific differences in the scale of movements and habitats used, but most fish utilized between 0.2 and
1.6 km of coastline, and individuals of each species showed some degree of diel habitat shift. A wide variety of reef fishes
captured inside the MPA swam back and forth across an MPA boundary intersecting continuous reef (i.e., this boundary was porous
to reef fish movements), but only 1 of 11 species tagged crossed a wide sandy channel inside Kealakekua Bay suggesting that
this feature may function as a natural barrier to movements. Results indicate relatively small MPAs (<2 km of coastline) could
provide effective, long-term protection for multi-species assemblages of reef fishes provided that boundaries are situated
along major habitat breaks (e.g., large sand channels between reefs) that may serve as natural barriers to reef fish movements.
It is crucial that a multi-species approach be used when assessing MPA effectiveness. 相似文献
59.
Youneng Tang Michal Ziv-El Chen Zhou Jung Hun Shin Chang Hoon Ahn Kerry Meyer Daniel Candelaria David Friese Ryan Overstreet Rick Scott Bruce E. Rittmann 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2010,4(3):280-285
A long-term pilot-scale H2-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) was tested for removal of nitrate from actual groundwater. A key feature of this second-generation pilot MBfR is that it employed lower cost polyester hollow fibers and still achieved high loading rate. The steady-state maximum nitrate surface loading at which the effluent nitrate and nitrite concentrations were below the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) was at least 5.9 g·N·(m2·d)?1, which corresponds to a maximum volumetric loading of at least 7.7 kg·N·(m3·d) ?1. The steady-state maximum nitrate surface area loading was higher than the highest nitrate surface loading reported in the first-generation MBfRs using composite fibers (2.6 g·N·(m2·d)?1). This work also evaluated the H2-utilization efficiency in MBfR. The measured H2 supply rate was only slightly higher than the stoichiometric H2-utilization rate. Thus, H2 utilization was controlled by diffusion and was close to 100% efficiency, as long as biofilm accumulated on the polyester-fiber surface and the fibers had no leaks. 相似文献
60.
Gabor Mezösi Burghard C. Meyer Wolfgang Loibl Christoph Aubrecht Peter Csorba Teodora Bata 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(4):797-811
The assessment of regional climate change impacts combined with the sensitivity of landscape functions by predictive modelling of hazardous landscape processes is a new fundamental field of research. In particular, this study investigates the effects of changing weather extremes on meso-regional-scale landscape vulnerability. Climatic-exposure parameter analysis was performed on a predicted climate change scenario. The exposure to climate change was analysed on the basis of the original data of the meso-scale IPCC A1B climate scenario from the REMO and ALADIN regional models for the periods of 2021–2050 and 2071–2100, and the regional types of climate change impacts were calculated by using cluster analysis. Selected climate exposure parameters of the REMO and ALADIN models were analysed, in particular, for extreme events (days with precipitation greater than 30 mm, heat waves, dry periods, wet periods) and for daily temperature and precipitation. The landscape functions impacted by climate change are proxies for the main recent and future problematic processes in Hungary. Soil erosion caused by water, drought, soil erosion caused by wind, mass movement and flash floods were analysed for the time periods of 1961–1990, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100. Based on the sensitivity thresholds for the impact assessments, the landscape functional sensitivity indicators were interpreted, and an integrative summary of the five indicators was made, differentiating the regions facing only a few or multiple sensitivities. In Central Hungary, the increasing exposure and sensitivity to droughts will be a serious problem when following the REMO scenario. In several regions, most indicators will change the sensitivity threshold from a tolerable risk to an increased or very high risk. 相似文献