四溴双酚A对斑马鱼胚胎体内外发育的毒性效应

四溴双酚A(TetrabromobisphenolA,TBBPA)是广泛使用的溴阻燃剂,在环境中普遍存在.采用斑马鱼胚胎体内外微环境模拟实验,研究了TBBPA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎体内外发育的影响.结果发现,斑马鱼胚胎直接暴露在TBBPA溶液中,会造成胚胎心包囊水肿、尾部延伸不全等畸形或使胚胎死亡;当TBBPA浓度高于1.6mg·L-1时,处理斑马鱼胚胎的致死率显著升高,与对照组有极显著差异(p<0.01),且致死效应主要发生在24h内.当TBBPA浓度为6.4mg·L-1时,斑马鱼胚胎在48h内全部死亡.在TBBPA浓度大于0.4mg·L-1的各组中,24h内斑马鱼胚胎在20s内的活动频率明显降低;当胚胎直接接触TBBPA48h,表现出的主要毒性效应为胚胎心包囊水肿,但胚胎的心率没观察到异常变化.当斑马鱼胚胎发育到72h时,TBBPA引起斑马鱼胚胎毒性的主要特征是心包囊水肿和脊柱畸形.另外,TBBPA处理后斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率和生存率均显著降低,这表明斑马鱼胚胎直接暴露在TBBPA污染的环境中,会出现明显的发育障碍,主要表现为心脏功能受损和致死效应,这些毒性特征有显著的剂量-效应关系.当成年亲代斑马鱼暴露在TBBPA溶液(1.5mg·L-1)中3～7d后,子代胚胎的发育表现出明显的毒性效应,其胚胎发育到24h和72h时的致死率均呈现一定的时间-效应关系;72h时的死亡率与对照组有极显著差异,子代胚胎的孵化率降低,但没有统计学差异;但子代胚胎的致畸率却显著升高,并呈现显著差异.研究结果表明,水体中残留的TBBPA对体内外斑马鱼胚胎的发育均有直接影响,对于鱼类的生殖和发育具有潜在的危害.     

The addition of modified attapulgite reduces the emission of nitrous oxide and ammonia from aerobically composted chicken manure

The acceleration of the composting process and the improvement of compost quality have been explored by evaluating the efficacy of various additives, inoculating with specific microorganisms and the application of various biosurfactants. The magnesium-aluminum silicate attapulgite is a low-cost potential composting additive, but its effects on aerobic composting are unknown. This study investigated the effects of attapulgite application on compost production and quality during the aerobic composting of chicken manure. Addition of attapulgite significantly increased the temperature (p < 0.05) while it reduced compost total organic carbon (TOC) and seed germination indices (GIs) throughout the process. Its addition enhanced nitrate concentrations, promoted organic matter degradation, increased seed germination indices, and accelerated the composting process. Interestingly, attapulgite addition did not increase the population of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. These results suggest that attapulgite is a good additive for the composting industry.

Implications: We investigated the addition of two forms of attapulgite during aerobic composting of chicken manure to determine their effects under strict composting environmental parameter control. Our results provides primary evidence that attapulgite may have potential for application in the composting industry.

All treatments showed no increase within the first 15 days. However, emissions increased for all treatments within 15–45 days, reaching approximately 6300, 2000, and 4000 mg/m² from the control, artifactitious attapulgite, and raw attapulgite treatments, respectively.     

The linear accumulation of atmospheric mercury by vegetable and grass leaves: Potential biomonitors for atmospheric mercury pollution

One question in the use of plants as biomonitors for atmospheric mercury (Hg) is to confirm the linear relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves. To explore the origin of Hg in the vegetable and grass leaves, open top chambers (OTCs) experiment was conducted to study the relationships of Hg concentrations between air and leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The influence of Hg in soil on Hg accumulation in leaves was studied simultaneously by soil Hg-enriched experiment. Hg concentrations in grass and vegetable leaves and roots were measured in both experiments. Results from OTCs experiment showed that Hg concentrations in leaves of the four species were significantly positively correlated with those in air during the growth time (p?<?0.05), while results from soil Hg-enriched experiment indicated that soil-borne Hg had significant influence on Hg accumulation in the roots of each plant (p?<?0.05), and some influence on vegetable leaves (p?<?0.05), but no significant influence on Hg accumulation in grass leaves (p?>?0.05). Thus, Hg in grass leaves is mainly originated from the atmosphere, and grass leaves are more suitable as potential biomonitors for atmospheric Hg pollution. The effect detection limits (EDLs) for the leaves of alfalfa and ryegrass were 15.1 and 22.2 ng g^–1, respectively, and the biological detection limit (BDL) for alfalfa and ryegrass was 3.4 ng m^–3.     

分子生态技术对厌氧脱氮除磷微生物优势菌群的鉴定

应用分子生态克隆技术,直接对A/O反应器所驯化培养的厌氧脱氮除磷微生物样品进行主要功能菌群的分子生态学鉴定。通过克隆文库的序列分析,发现驯化培养后厌氧污泥样品中的优势菌群主要是Azospirillum和Selenomonas两个属。这一结果表明,厌氧反应器中的某些红螺菌科和氨基酸球菌科的微生物,可能是在厌氧条件下对氮磷同时降解起关键作用的功能菌群。     

环境因素对六氯苯厌氧降解活性的影响

在厌氧污泥具备了较好的六氯苯（HCB）降解能力的基础上,采用标准血清瓶实验方法考察了反应温度、初始pH、摇床转速和营养元素等环境因素对厌氧污泥降解HCB活性的影响。实验设计的反应温度为25、30、35和40℃;初始pH为5.0、6.0、7.0和8.0;摇床转速为0和150r·min-1;营养元素有葡萄糖和维生素b12。用HCB浓度随时间的减少来表征微生物对其的降解活性。结果表明,反应温度对HCB的降解速率有很大影响,适宜温度为35℃左右。初始pH对HCB降解活性没有显著影响,但显示出有随初始pH增大而HCB降解活性增加的趋势。与静置条件相比,一定的混合作用有利于提高HCB的降解活性。有葡萄糖存在条件下,维生素b12对HCB的降解活性有明显的促进作用。温度及外加碳源（葡萄糖）是影响HCB厌氧降解活性的重要因素,并推测葡萄糖在HCB降解过程中提供电子供体方面发挥了重要作用。     

N-doped CoAl oxides from hydrotalcites with enhanced oxygen vacancies for excellent low-temperature propane oxidation

A series of nitrogen-doped CoAlO (N-CoAlO) were constructed by a hydrothermal route combined with a controllable NH₃ treatment strategy. The effects of NH₃ treatment on the physico-chemical properties and oxidation activities of N-CoAlO catalysts were investigated. In comparison to CoAlO, a smallest content decrease in surface Co³⁺ (serving as active sites) while a largest increased amount of surface Co²⁺ (contributing to oxygen species) are obtained over N-CoAlO/4h among the N-CoAlO catalysts. Meanwhile, a maximum N doping is found over N-CoAlO/4h. As a result, N-CoAlO/4h (under NH₃ treatment at 400°C for 4 hr) with rich oxygen vacancies shows optimal catalytic activity, with a T₉₀ (the temperature required to reach a 90% conversion of propane) at 266°C. The more oxygen vacancies are caused by the co-operative effects of N doping and suitable reduction of Co³⁺ for N-CoAlO/4h, leading to an enhanced oxygen mobility, which in turn promotes C₃H₈ total oxidation activity dominated by Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Moreover, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTs) analysis shows that N doping facilities the decomposition of intermediate species (propylene and formate) into CO₂ over the catalyst surface of N-CoAlO/4h more easily. Our reported design in this work will provide a promising way to develop abundant oxygen vacancies of Co-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcites by a simple NH₃ treatment.     

银川都市圈大气挥发性有机物的污染特征及臭氧生成潜势初步分析

2019年6月和8月在宁夏回族自治区银川市及周边6个点位进行了环境空气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测研究.利用苏码罐采样-三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS/FID技术测定环境空气样品中56种挥发性有机物组分;分析该地区环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征和来源,计算各组分臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势.结果表明,工业区、商业/交...     

国外生态阈值研究进展及启示

生态阈值是促使生态系统属性发生突变的环境变量的值,20世纪70年代以来在国外生态学界掀起研究热潮.通过详细总结国外生态阈值研究内容、研究方法与成果实践应用状况,反映出生态阈值研究对于理解生态系统转变过程、制定生态标准以及实施环境管理决策具有重要支撑意义;强调生态阈值研究应以正确把握时间和空间尺度、理解系统要素相互作用机制及阈值检测数学模型的生态学意义为前提;由于背景干扰和人为压力增加了物种及其生态系统的敏感性,迄今只有少量的带有阈值的标准和制度尝试性应用于国外资源环境管理实践领域.结合当前国内生态环境管理标准制定的科技支撑需求,建议谨慎将国内外阈值研究成果应用于国内管理实践,同时针对国内重点地区突出的生态环境问题开展生态阈值研究,以夯实"三线一单"资源环境管理制度科学基石,提升生态学研究实践应用价值.      

秦皇岛市区大气臭氧生成过程及前体物敏感性研究

O₃生成速率与前体物VOCs和NO_x之间的非线性关系,决定了明确当地的光化学属性是制定有效臭氧污染控制策略的重要前提.为掌握秦皇岛市O₃污染状况,探究秦皇岛市区O₃生成过程且明确秦皇岛市区臭氧生成与其前体物的敏感性关系,本研究对2015—2019年O₃污染状况进行了统计分析,并于2019年5月和9月分别选取天气晴朗的3 d对O₃生成过程及影响O₃生成的因子间的相互关系进行了研究,应用VOCs的OH消耗速率（L_OH）和臭氧生成潜势（OFP）评估了VOCs对O₃生成的贡献,并利用基于观测的箱化学模型对观测日期的O₃生成与前体物关系进行了敏感性计算.研究发现,秦皇岛市O₃污染天数自2015年后显著增加,2015—2019年间O₃月均浓度最大值发生在夏季6月份左右.5月和9月加强观测期间O₃日变化明显,呈单峰型,高值出现在12：00—18：00,大部分观测期间O₃浓度峰值与温度峰值同时出现.加强观测期间日O₃浓度最大值出现在5月24日为277 μg·m^-3.两个月份各类别VOCs浓度排序均为烷烃>炔烃>烯烃>芳烃.VOCs各类别中烯烃的OH自由基反应活性总量最大,烷烃和烯烃的臭氧生成潜势相当,其对O₃生成的贡献均较大.基于观测限制的箱模型对O₃生成的前体物敏感性计算表明,观测期间秦皇岛市区处于VOCs控制区,且O₃生成对烯烃的变化最为敏感.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌和氧化硫硫杆菌对硫代硫酸钠的代谢机理研究

首先利用含硫的温泉水,经一系列培养、分离和纯化得到了氧化亚铁硫杆菌(T.f)和氧化硫硫杆菌(T.t).然后,将2种菌投加至一定浓度的硫代硫酸钠,观察2种菌在不同溶解氧浓度下的生长情况和溶液中各种硫化合物的浓度变化.结果表明,T.f利用硫代硫酸钠的速度比T.t快,生长周期也比T.t长,但单个T.f细胞的代谢能力较T.t差;T.f和T.t利用硫代硫酸钠的代谢产物主要为硫酸根离子、连四硫酸根离子、二氧化硫和单质硫.2种菌对硫代硫酸根离子的代谢主要通过4条途径进行.提高溶解氧浓度能显著加快2种菌对硫代硫酸钠的利用速度.