Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

浅析开展幼儿环境教育遵循的几项原则

随着教育改革的深入,幼儿教育界的改革也随之而深入,新的《幼儿园教育纲要》对开展幼儿环境教育提出更高的要求,幼儿环境教育是更加重要。在幼儿环境教育中必须以幼儿的真实生活环境为课堂,运用"互动式"教育,不宜作为一个单独的学习领域或知识领域,而应以渗透为主,开展幼儿环境教育。     

金属罐消解—ICP-OES法直接测定土壤及植物中的铜、铅、锌

环境介质中的重金属种类繁多,而且含量高低不一。快速、准确地测定土壤及植物中的重金属含量是环境监测的重要任务之一。本文建立了金属罐消解—电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定土壤及植物中Cu、Pb、Zn的测试方法。试验表明,土壤及植物分别经HNO3-HF(2∶1)和HNO3-HF(2∶0.2)在190℃和150℃加热消解后完全分解溶出。经国家一级土壤及植物标准物质样品测定验证,结果与标准值吻合。土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn的加标回收率分别为99.4%～101.4%、99.5%～101.9%、99.7%～100.5%,RSD分别为2.05%、2.01%、1.79%;植物中Cu、Pb、Zn的加标回收率分别为99.3%～101.2%、96.9%～106.2%、99.7%～100.4%,RSD分别为2.84%、1.05%、0.985%。     

我国钢铁企业二氧化碳排放结构探讨

根据钢铁行业碳素流和直接排放计算原理,利用温室气体排放分析模型对几家典型大型钢铁联合企业的CO2排放进行了计算,结合钢铁行业的能源消耗情况对钢铁企业的CO2排放结构进行了分析,提出我国钢铁企业CO2的控制重点在于燃料消耗,需从降低高炉燃料比、优化副产煤气尤其是高炉煤气的回收利用、控制烧结固体燃料消耗等几个方面采取措施。     

基于灰色理论GM（1，1）模型的陕西省工业废水排放量预测

该文根据2003～2009年陕西省工业废水的排放情况进行分析,采用灰色系统理论,引入二阶弱化算子D2,建立陕西省工业废水排放量GM（1,1）预测模型。采用残差大小和均方差比值对缓冲序列预测数据进行精度分析,误差较小,精度较高,模型可靠,可满足预测要求。运用预测模型对陕西省“十二五”期间工业废水排放量进行预测,得到2011-2015年工业废水排放量。对预测结果进行分析,计算出废水达标排放量年均增长量为395．42万吨;与工业总产值相联系,知工业废水排放量随着工业总产值的增加相应有所增加。     

Prediction of DOM removal of low specific UV absorbance surface waters using HPSEC combined with peak fitting

High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is used in water quality research primarily to determine the molecular weight distribution of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), but by applying peak fitting to the chromatogram, this technique can also be used as a tool to model and predict DOM removal. Six low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) source waters were treated using coagulation with alum and both the source and treated water samples were analysed using HPSEC. By comparing the molecular weight profiles of the source and treated waters, it was established that several DOM components were not effectively removed by alum coagulation even after high dosage alum treatment. A peak-fitting technique was applied based on the concept of linking the character (molecular weight profile) of the recalcitrant organics in the treated water with those of the source water. This was then applied to predict DOM treatability by determining the areas of the peaks which were assigned to removable organics from the source water molecular weight profile after peak fitting, and this technique quantified the removable and non-removable organics. The prediction was compared with the actual dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal determined from jar testing and showed good agreement, with variance between 2% and 10%. This confirmed that this prediction approach, which was originally developed for high SUVA waters, can also be applied successfully to predict DOC removal in low SUVA waters.     

基于TM数据北京城区水体叶绿素a浓度反演方法研究

叶绿素是城市水体富营养化的重要表征参数.以北京城区重点水体为研究对象,利用2011年6月8日TM遥感影像及同步获取的实测数据,在对TM数据进行几何校正和大气校正等预处理的基础上,选取相关性最大的TM2/(TM1 +TM4)波段组合进行叶绿素a浓度反演;利用2008 ～ 2010年的历史TM影像及人工水质站点准同步的实测数据,对模型的精度及适用性进行分析得出:回归模型适用于30 m以上的北京城区水体叶绿素a浓度监测,相对误差为17.04％.     

晋城煤业集团生活污水处理、利用回顾及现状分析

水是生产、生活不可或缺、不可替代的自然资源。生活污水因水质较矿井水差,处理后回用途径受限。结合国家的环保形势,回顾晋煤集团生活污水的处理、利用情况,介绍处理、利用现状。     

云南省农业源污染现状、危害及防治策略

云南省农业源排放污染物占全省污染总负荷的1／5～2／3,其中种植业污染源贡献最大,其次是畜禽养殖业污染源,水产养殖业污染源贡献最小;农业源污染已对云南省农业生产、社会稳定和生态安全等产生一定影响。最后从宣传教育、生产方式变革、废弃物利用、环境监管等四个方面提出农业源污染防治对策。     

真实环境条件下溢油风化规律

在2010年7月16日大连输油管道爆炸事故发生后,分别于事故油罐、溢油发生后1 d、5 d、9 d的海面厚油膜区域以及溢油事故发生后15 d、23 d、210 d的岸滩石油重污染区域采集原始油样及溢油样品。采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)对样品中的生物标志物进行了检测,对常规生物标志物特征比值的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:在为期9 d的海面溢油风化过程中nCl7/Pr、nC18/Ph、Pr/Ph、奥利烷/藿烷、C2-D/C2-P、C3-D/C3-P和ΣP/ΣD受风化影响较大(相对标准偏差值均在10%～20%范围内);在为期210 d的岸滩溢油风化过程中C17/Pr和nC18/Ph受风化影响最大(相对标准偏差值均大于50%),奥利烷/藿烷、C2-D/C2-P、C3-D/C3-P、ΣP/ΣD和2-MP/1-MP受风化影响较大(相对标准偏差值均在10%～30%范围内);Pr/Ph在不同环境介质中的风化过程存在显著差异。