Modeling patterns of nonlinearity in ecosystem responses to temperature, CO2, and precipitation changes.

It is commonly acknowledged that ecosystem responses to global climate change are nonlinear. However, patterns of the nonlinearity have not been well characterized on ecosystem carbon and water processes. We used a terrestrial ecosystem (TECO) model to examine nonlinear patterns of ecosystem responses to changes in temperature, CO2, and precipitation individually or in combination. The TECO model was calibrated against experimental data obtained from a grassland ecosystem in the central United States and ran for 100 years with gradual change at 252 different scenarios. We primarily used the 100th-year results to explore nonlinearity of ecosystem responses. Variables examined in this study are net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (R(h)), net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET). Our modeling results show that nonlinear patterns were parabolic, asymptotic, and threshold-like in response to temperature, CO2, and precipitation anomalies, respectively, for NPP, NEE, and R(h). Runoff and ET exhibited threshold-like pattern in response to both temperature and precipitation anomalies but were less sensitive to CO2 changes. Ecosystem responses to combined temperature, CO2, and precipitation anomalies differed considerably from the responses to individual factors in terms of response patterns and/or critical points of nonlinearity. Our results suggest that nonlinear patterns in response to multiple global-change factors were diverse and were considerably affected by combined climate anomalies on ecosystem carbon and water processes. The diverse response patterns in nonlinearity have profound implications for both experimental design and theoretical development.     

超声波防治海生物的技术分析与应用

文章阐述了海生物附着生长的机理以及传统海生物防治的方法。针对传统海生物防治方法存在的不足之处,提出超声波防治海生物技术,分析了超声波振动性质和空化效应防治海生物的原理及现场应用情况,并确定出有效防治海生物的超声波频率为22kHz,强度为0.3～0.5 W/cm2;通过现场实际应用,充分证明了超声波能够有效抑制海生物的附着和生长,保护海水管线及相关设备,体现了超声波技术在海生物防治方面具有环保、节能、易于维护等优点。     

江淮地区湿沉降对颗粒物清除能力的影响

为了解单次降水总量、降水时长、降水前颗粒物质量浓度对颗粒物清除能力的影响,对江淮地区2017年气象资料与颗粒物质量浓度资料展开分析.分析江淮地区2017年ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）及降水特征,综合对比各季节不同单次降水总量对颗粒物的清除能力,对比不同季节、不同降水时段对颗粒物清除能力的变化特征,以及不同季节降水前颗粒物质量浓度与清除率对应阈值关系.研究表明:江淮地区北部颗粒物质量浓度高于南部,南部单次降水总量和降水总时长较北部高.单次降水总量越大对颗粒物的清除率越高.当单次降水总量大于1.5 mm时,清除率提升最明显,并且秋、冬两季清除率高于春、夏两季;当单次降水总量低于1.5 mm时,春、夏两季清除率高于秋、冬两季.总体上,降水对PM₁₀的清除率高于对PM_2.5.降水时长对颗粒物的清除率具有明显的季节性变化特征.春、秋两季存在降水时长阈值,分别为10和20 h.春季低于该阈值（10 h）清除率为正清除率,高于该阈值清除率为负清除率;秋季低于该阈值（20 h）清除率为负清除率,高于该阈值为正清除率.夏、冬两季总体表现为正清除率.分析降水前颗粒物质量浓度对清除率的影响得知,降水对PM_2.5清除率由负转正的阈值较PM₁₀低,并且冬、春两季清除率阈值较夏、秋两季高,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的ρ（PM_2.5）清除率阈值分别为35、15、25、30 μg/m3,ρ（PM₁₀）清除率阈值分别为60、50、60、60 μg/m3.单次降水过程中颗粒物所处高度由2 200 m降至1 000 m,并且此次降水对非球形粒子清除效果明显,粒径在2.5 μm以下粒子质量浓度显著下降,其中,粒径在0.7~1.2和1.5~2.5 μm粒子数浓度下降明显;另外,降水对颗粒物中NO₃-和NH₄+去除明显,并且降水后光学EC、光学OC及金属元素质量浓度和占比显著增长.研究显示,当冬季单次降水总量大于1.5 mm,降水前ρ（PM_2.5）大于30 μg/m3、ρ（PM₁₀）大于60 μg/m3时颗粒物的清除率最佳.      

海南岛地区大气输送和扩散特征的数值模拟

采用中尺度气象模式WRF及风场诊断模式CALMET,结合轨迹分析和拉格朗日随机游走模拟方法,分析了海南岛地区低层大气中尺度水平输送和扩散特性,并计算了各季平均大气扩散模态.结果表明,该区域大气污染物的扩散和输送主要受到大尺度背景环流、海陆风等局地环流及地形绕流等的影响.海陆风局地环流是沿海城市源排放的大气污染物向海南本岛输送和扩散的主要机制.北部城市海口的大气扩散对岛内影响最大,冬季平均影响范围可覆盖西北半部;春、秋季主要影响西北和北部区域;夏季对本岛的影响仅限于北部沿岸.南部城市三亚的大气扩散对岛内影响较小,秋季向西南海面的扩散对本岛几乎没有影响;冬、春季对三亚以西沿岸的影响有所增加;夏季扩散影响全面指向岛内,并因地形的作用而东、西向大角度扩展,影响海岛南部的大部分沿岸地区.西北部昌江的平均输送扩散方向与当地海岸线的走向基本一致,污染影响不易深入到岛内.其中,秋季扩散影响以偏西南方向为主,仅对昌江西南部分海岸有少量影响;冬、春季扩散形态类似但影响范围扩大到以东方市为代表的低山盆地地带;海岛西北部大部分沿海地带可受到昌江夏季扩散的影响,但平均扩散方向指向东北偏北的海面.     

硅晶切割砂绿色再生工艺装备的运行特性研究

针对硅晶切割过程中产生的切割废砂浆的资源化回收问题,建立了每小时处理1t废砂饼的绿色再生工艺装备.通过工业试运行,实现了水资源的循环利用,回收的硅晶切割砂纯度达到97％,6～11 μm粒径切割砂的集中度大于78％,6μm以上的切割砂全部实现了回收.该工艺过程不消耗酸碱,节约了化学资源的消耗,从源头上消除了废酸、废碱的污染,是回收硅晶切割砂的一种理想工艺装备.     

不同环境下土壤作物系统中重金属元素迁移分配特点

不同环境中重金属的积累特点及其向食物的迁移可能导致对人类健康的不同影响。文章对苏南某市典型乡镇工业环境中的农田表层土壤重金属污染积累进行了分析,并参照国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行重金属污染的单因子和综合因子评价。结果表明,工业环境中农田土壤表层重金属元素的富集系数和重金属DTPA有效态含量显著高于非工业环境,说明工业化发展是土壤重金属积累的主要因素,同时土壤的基本理化性质对土壤重金属的富集有一定的影响。不同种类农产品对重金属的富集能力表现为叶菜类>籽实类>根菜类>水稻籽粒,重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Cu较易在农产品中积累。应该注意工业发展对农田土壤的重金属污染以及对人类食物安全的可能影响。     

ICP－AES光谱法同时测定团体废物浸出液中的多种金属元素

采用翻转振荡方式以水为浸提剂浸提钢渣、尾矿渣、铬渣、铅渣、粉煤灰和电镀污泥试样，过滤后的浸提液经ＤＤＴＣ／ＣＣｌ４体系萃取富集后，用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法同时测定了Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ和Ｖ等多种金属元素．方法具有较好的精密度和准确度，宜于推广应用。     

Simultaneous removal and oxidation of arsenic from water by δ-MnO2 modified activated carbon

The ubiquitous arsenic in groundwater poses a great risk to human health due to its environmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present work, a new adsorbent, δ-MnO₂ modified activated carbon, was prepared, and its performance for the uptake of arsenate and arsenite species from aqueous solutions was investigated by batch experiments. Various techniques, including FESEM-EDX, p-XRD, XPS and BET surface area analysis, were employed to characterize the properties of the adsorbent and the arsenic adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that δ-MnO₂ covered on the surface and padded in the pores of the activated carbon. Adsorption kinetic studies revealed that approximately 90.1% and 76.8% of As(III) and As(V), respectively, were removed by the adsorbent in the first 9 hr, and adsorption achieved equilibrium within 48 hr. The maximum adsorption capacities of As(V) and As(III) at pH 4.0 calculated from Langmuir adsorption isotherms were 13.30 and 12.56 mg/g, respectively. The effect of pH on As(V) and As(III) removal was similar, and the removal efficiency significantly reduced with the increase of solution pH. Arsenite oxidation and adsorption kinetics showed that the As(V) concentration in solution due to As(III) oxidation and reductive dissolution of MnO₂ increased rapidly during the first 12 min, and then gradually decreased. Based on the XPS analysis, nearly 93.3% of As(III) had been oxidized to As(V) on the adsorbent surface and around 38.9% of Mn(IV) had been reduced to Mn(II) after As(III) adsorption. This approach provides a possible method for the purification of arsenic-contaminated groundwater.     

大气环境监测结果空间代表性的一个分析实例

通过计算石家庄西北郊大气环境监测站2014年的逐时浓度印痕,系统分析影响当地空气质量的潜在污染来源区域.使用实际气象观测资料和CALMET风场诊断模式获得当地区域边界层风场;使用反向拉格朗日粒子扩散模式计算印痕,分析其平均分布和日变化,以及与主要污染物(PM_(10))浓度变化的关系.结果表明,(1)石家庄地区山地-平原局地环流对风场有重要影响.(2)西北郊站监测结果代表的污染源区域有明显的日变化,午后主要为偏南和东南方向的污染来源,夜间至次日上午主要为西北山前和山地区域的来源.(3)PM_(10)浓度与污染来源区域具有同步的日变化关系,午后浓度下降,夜间浓度升高并维持到次日早上和正午.从夜间至次日上午时段西北方向的污染来源决定了该站的空气质量.(4)监测结果代表的主要污染物来源区域远超出其行政属地范围,外部来源的贡献率超过60%,当地影响不足40%.(5)造成西北郊站监测浓度整体偏高的主要原因是地形和位置因素,及测站以西的实际污染排放源.