Land Use Trends During Rapid Urbanization of the City of Aydin,Turkey

The favorable Turkish context for environmental legislation is undermined by a lack of public knowledge of the importance of sustainable development, a lack of coordination between experts in different professions and between government institutions, and a lack of the political will to make tough choices such as restricting the freedom of citizens to migrate to cities. This paper examines the specific implications of this context for the Aydin urban area in a rapidly urbanizing part of western Turkey. In the study area, urban and industrial areas both exhibited large proportional increases, largely at the expense of agricultural areas, and agricultural expansion occurred at the expense of natural areas. Compared to other areas of Turkey, the actual area of the increase was small, and the change for the study area as a whole was not striking because of the relatively recent history of urbanization and industrialization in Aydin. Nevertheless, the negative consequences of these changes may accelerate in the future if a strategy to control development and conversion of land use is not developed and implemented.     

皖南地区铜陵市大气颗粒物污染特征及潜在源研究

利用2018年3月—2021年2月环境和气象数据对皖南地区铜陵市大气颗粒物的污染特征和潜在贡献源进行了系统性研究.铜陵市大气颗粒物污染具有明显的季节变化特征,冬季污染物浓度最高,PM_2.5和PM₁₀平均为（60.3±31.0）μg·m^-3和（89.2±42.2）μg·m^-3.计算发现PM_2.5/PM₁₀超过0.5,铜陵市的大气颗粒物污染问题与细颗粒物关系密切.后向轨迹聚类分析表明铜陵市大气颗粒物的输送路径具有季节性差异.春季以西北、东北和西南方向气流为主,占比83.73%;夏季以东南和南部方向气流为主,占比82.90%;秋季以东北气流为主,占比51.00%;冬季则是以北方和西北气流为主,占比69.81%.其中,冬季气流轨迹所对应的PM_2.5和PM₁₀的浓度最高,平均为59.7和92.0μg·m^-3;夏季最低,平均为23.8和43.8μg·m^-3.潜在源贡献因子（WPSC...     

贫困退出背景下返贫脆弱性评价——融合区域与个体的新视角

精准识别返贫脆弱性,预防和化解返贫风险是“后扶贫时代”的工作重点。基于区域与个体尺度融合的新视角,运用BP神经网络法、熵值法和偏相关分析法对六盘山、秦巴山和大别山三大集中连片特困区进行返贫脆弱性评价与影响因素分析。研究发现：（1）三大集中连片特困区返贫脆弱度大致呈现由西向东递减的空间格局;（2）三个典型县区域和个体返贫脆弱性评价结果均显示古浪县>新县>栾川县;（3）高返贫风险县域中,高生态暴露度特征最为显著,而高返贫风险家庭中,生计动力不足特征最为明显;（4）区域返贫脆弱性主导因子为自然环境禀赋和经济发展水平,个体返贫脆弱性主导因子则为家庭劳动力综合素质、家庭收入、生计来源多样性、家庭成员健康状况和婚姻成本等。     

FeS对CW-MFC系统降解活性艳红X-3B效果及过程的影响

在自行构建的人工湿地-微生物燃料电池(CW-MFC)系统中,以砾石填料为对照,研究了FeS对活性艳红X-3B脱色效果及降解过程的影响.结果表明,加在底层区域的FeS能够显著提高CW-MFC对活性艳红X-3B的脱色效果和系统产电性能.FeS的投加使得系统脱色率在进水活性艳红X-3B浓度200mg/L、葡萄糖浓度100mg/L条件下达到99.83%.在进水活性艳红X-3B浓度100mg/L、葡萄糖浓度200mg/L条件下,FeS组最大功率密度达到0.849W/m³.活性艳红X-3B在系统中的脱色主要发生在底层和阳极区域,由紫外-可见全波长扫描图谱和GC-MS扫描图谱可知FeS在该区域促进了偶氮双键的断裂,并有利于脱色产物苯胺、三嗪结构、萘环结构的进一步降解.     

Characterization of submicron aerosol particles in winter at Albany, New York

A thorough understanding of chemical composition, particle pH, and pollutant emissions is essential to address the climate and human health effects of atmospheric particles. In this study, we used a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(HR-ToF-AMS)and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS) to characterize the composition of submicron particles. Moreover, we applied the ISORROPIA-II model to analyze the particle acidity effect on the compositional characterization of submicron ...     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定斑马鱼暴露体系4种双酚类环境激素的研究

为评估双酚类环境激素对水环境可能造成的环境影响,建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-UPLC-MS/MS)法测定斑马鱼暴露体系中的双酚C(BPC)、双酚F(BPF)、双酚S(BPS)、双酚Z(BPZ). 对前处理条件进行优化,斑马鱼样品依次采用6 mL乙腈溶液提取,30 min超声萃取及振荡混合,8 000 r/min下离心10 min,重复2次,于?80 ℃冷冻除脂48 h,过滤并用超纯水稀释至500 mL. 采用Generik H2P柱萃取上述鱼样及养殖水体样品,依次用10 mL 10%甲醇水溶液(V/V)淋洗,10 mL甲醇溶液洗脱. 优化参数确定最佳质谱条件,以甲醇-水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离、负离子选择反应监控(SRM)模式、同位素内标法进行测定. 结果表明:①固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的检出限为0.019~0.60 μg/L,定量限为0.06~1.89 μg/L,BPS在0.5~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 0,BPZ、BPF和BPC在1~100 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.998 9~0.999 8范围内. ②在1.5、4.5、15 μg/L双酚类环境激素的添加浓度下,养殖水体中目标物的回收率为91.45%~102.91%,相对标准偏差为1.47%~11.04%,斑马鱼体内目标物的回收率为85.95%~97.45%,相对标准偏差为4.63%~16.36%. ③高浓度暴露组中,鱼体内BPF、BPS、BPC含量约是低浓度暴露组的10倍,而BPZ含量在两组间无明显差异. 研究显示,BPC、BPF、BPS、BPZ短时间内在斑马鱼体内产生了富集,通过分析斑马鱼全鱼样品、养殖水样及实际景观水体样品,证明固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法样品回收率高、检出限低、灵敏度高、重现性好,具有较好的实用性.      

草酸改性零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解地下水中2,4-DNT的研究

2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)作为重要的化工原料,由于储存和生产过程中的“跑冒滴漏”,已然成为地下水中常见有毒有害污染物之一,对人体健康和生态环境安全造成极大威胁. 以草酸与商品零价铁为原料,通过球磨法制备草酸化零价铁(OA-ZVIbm),并研究其活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解2,4-DNT的性能. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对活化剂进行表征,并考察活化剂和PS投加量、溶液初始pH及无机阴离子对2,4-DNT降解效果的影响. 结果表明:①通过球磨改性,零价铁表面氧化层被草酸亚铁壳层代替,加速铁核腐蚀生成Fe2+催化PS. ②在pH=7、0.2 g/L OA-ZVIbm和5 mmol/L PS的条件下,4.0 h内对50 mg/L 2,4-DNT降解率达到87.6%,降解过程符合准一级动力学方程. ③2,4-DNT降解率随OA-ZVIbm和PS投加量增加以及溶液初始pH的降低增加,但高浓度PS会抑制2,4-DNT的降解;NO₃?、CO₃2?、Cl?和SO₄2?通过淬灭自由基或者与亚铁离子发生共沉淀,对降解产生不同程度的抑制效果. ④自由基淬灭试验表明,体系中同时产生SO₄? ?、·OH和1O₂,但SO₄? ?在降解过程中起主导作用. ⑤降解中间产物鉴定表明,通过脱硝和氧化反应,2,4-DNT被降解成包括间苯二酚、丙二酸在内的毒性较小分子,可生化性显著提高. 研究显示,OA-ZVIbm能够高效活化PS,实现对地下水2,4-DNT的显著降解,具有一定的应用前景.      

Hydrothermal-treated Pt/Al2O3 as an excellent catalyst for toluene total oxidation

The preparation of highly active supported noble metal catalysts with a low noble metal loading has always been the ultimate goal of researchers working on catalysis. Hydrothermally treated Pt/Al₂O₃ (Pt/Al₂O₃-H) exhibits better catalytic activity than that (Pt/Al₂O₃-C) treated via the conventional calcination approach. At the high space velocity of 100,000 mL/(g∙hr), the temperature that correspond to 50% toluene conversion (T₅₀) of Pt/Al₂O₃-H is 115°C lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃-C, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value can reach 0.0756 sec⁻¹. The mechanism by which the hydrothermal approach enhances Pt/Al₂O₃ activity has been investigated. The structure associated with the high catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) can be retained via hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the support is transformed to AlO(OH) with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, which in turn can facilitate the adsorption of toluene. And the synergistic effects of Pt NPs and AlO(OH) increases the contents of Pt in oxidation state and active oxygen, which are beneficial for toluene oxidation.     

Potassium ferrate pretreatment promotes short chain fatty acids yield and antibiotics reduction in acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge

During the acidogenic fermentation converting waste activated sludge (WAS) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), hydrolysis of complex organic polymers is a limiting step and the transformation of harmful substances (such as antibiotics) during acidogenic fermentation is unknown. In this study, potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation was used as a pretreatment strategy for WAS acidogenic fermentation to increase the hydrolysis of sludge and destruct the harmful antibiotics. Pretreatment with K₂FeO₄ can effectively increase the SCFA production during acidogenic fermentation and change the distribution of SCFA components. With the dosage of 0.2 g/g TS, the maximum SCFA yield was 4823 mg COD/L, which is 28.3 times that of the control group; acetic acid accounts for more than 90% of the total SCFA. The higher dosage (0.5 g/g TS) can further increase the proportion of acetic acid, but inhibit the overall performance of SCFA production. Apart from the promotion of hydrolysis and acidogenesis, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also simultaneously oxidizes and degrades part of the antibiotics in the sludge. When the dosage is 0.5 g/g TS, the degradation efficacy of antibiotics is the most significant, and the contents of ofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline in the sludge are reduced by 69%, 42%, and 50%, respectively. In addition, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also promote the release of antibiotics from sludge flocs, which is conducive to the simultaneous degradation of antibiotics in the subsequent biological treatment process.     

Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 in Luoyang after the clean air actions

Luoyang is a typical heavy industrial city in China, with a coal-dominated energy structure and serious air pollution. Following the implementation of the clean air actions, the physicochemical characteristics and sources of PM_2.5 have changed. A comprehensive study of PM_2.5 was conducted from October 16, 2019 to January 23, 2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of previous control measures and further to provide theory basis for more effective policies in the future. Results showed that the aerosol pollution in Luoyang in autumn and winter is still serious with the average concentration of 91.1 μg/m³, although a large reduction (46.9%) since 2014. With the contribution of nitrate increased from 12.5% to 25.1% and sulfate decreased from 16.7% to 11.2%, aerosol pollution has changed from sulfate-dominate to nitrate-dominate. High NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio and the increasing of NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio with the aggravation of pollution indicating vehicle exhaust playing an increasingly important role in PM_2.5 pollution in Luoyang, especially in the haze processes. Secondary inorganic ions contributed significantly to the enhancement of PM_2.5 during the pollution period. The high value of Cl⁻/Na⁺ and EC concentration indicate coal combustion in Luoyang is still serious. The top three contributor sources were secondary inorganic aerosols (33.3%), coal combustion (13.6%), and industrial emissions (13.4%). Close-range transport from the western and northeastern directions were more important factors in air pollution in Luoyang during the sampling period. It is necessary to strengthen the control of coal combustion and reduce vehicle emissions in future policies.