Characterization of the archaeal community fouling a membrane bioreactor

Biofilm formation, one of the primary causes of biofouling, results in reduced membrane flux or increased transmembrane pressure and thus represents a major impediment to the wider implementation of membrane bioreactor(MBR) technologies for water purification. Most studies have focused on the role of bacteria in membrane fouling as they are the most dominant and best studied organisms present in the MBR. In contrast, there is limited information on the role of the archaeal community in biofilm formation in MBRs. This study investigated the composition of the archaeal community during the process of biofouling in an MBR. The archaeal community was observed to have lower richness and diversity in the biofilm than the sludge during the establishment of biofilms at low transmembrane pressure(TMP). Clustering of the communities based on the Bray–Curtis similarity matrix indicated that a subset of the sludge archaeal community formed the initial biofilms. The archaeal community in the biofilm was mainly composed of Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata,Thermococci, Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia and Halobacteria. Among them, the Thermoprotei and Thermoplasmata were present at higher relative proportions in the biofilms than they were in the sludge. Additionally, the Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata and Thermococci were the dominant organisms detected in the initial biofilms at low TMP, while as the TMP increased, the Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia, Aciduliprofundum and Halobacteria were present at higher abundances in the biofilms at high TMP.     

嘉兴市水污染源解析及等标污染负荷评价

研究水环境污染的主要来源及主要污染物,对于区域水污染治理具有重要意义。本文通过分析嘉兴市各类污染物入河量,以及污染物等标排放量的计算,得出了嘉兴市水环境污染的主要污染物和主要污染源。结果表明,嘉兴市面源污染物的入河量大于点源,畜禽养殖是面源污染的主要来源,也是总磷的主要来源。点污染的主要来源是城镇生活,其中,桐乡市污染物入河量最大,各区县的污染物入河量总体服从桐乡市﹥南湖区﹥嘉善县﹥平湖市﹥海宁市﹥秀洲区﹥海盐县的分布。等标污染负荷的方法显示：嘉兴市的主要污染源是畜禽养殖、城镇生活和农田;总氮、氨氮和总磷为主要污染物。     

Distribution and source analysis of aluminum in rivers near Xi’an City, China

To study the status and source of aluminum (Al) contamination, a total of 21 sampling sites along six rivers near Xi’an City (Shaanxi province, China) were investigated during 2008–2010. The results indicated that the average concentration of total Al (Al_t) in the six rivers increased by 1.6 times from 2008 to 2010. The spatial distribution of Al_t concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City was significantly different, ranged from 367 μg/L (Bahe River) to 1,978 μg/L (Taiping River). The Al_t concentration was highest near an industrial area for pulp and paper-making (2,773 μg/L), where the Al level greatly exceeded the water quality criteria of both the USA (Criterion Continuous Concentration, 87 μg/L) and Canada (100 μg/L). The average concentration of inorganic monometric aluminum (Al_im) was 72 μg/L which would pose threats to fishes and other aquatic lives in the rivers. The concentrations of exchangeable Al (Al_ex) in the sediment of the Taiping River sampled were relatively high, making it to be an alternative explanation of increasing Al concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City. Furthermore, an increasing Al level has been detected in the upstream watershed near Xi’an City in recent years, which might indicate another notable pollution source of Al.     

Polymer hydrogels with enhanced stability and heterogeneous Fenton activity in organic pollutant removal

Polymer hydrogel-based materials have been shown to act as novel Fenton catalysts for water treatment, but the rational design of hydrogel-based catalysts with good stability has been a great challenge. To increase the stability and activity of polymer-based Fenton catalysts, uniform urchin-like α-Fe_2O_3 was grown in situ in a PVA carrier matrix here. PVA molecules promoted the growth of urchin-like α-Fe_2O_3, and then the PVA hydrogel acted as a barrier and carrier to reduce agglomeration. Through coordination by hydroxyl groups,PVA had good combination with Fe ions and α-Fe_2O_3. The formation of Fe–O–C bonds between iron oxides and polymers was reported for the first time, enhancing the material stability during catalysis. Under higher PVA concentrations, the resulting composite hydrogel could generate more ˙OH due to the increase in the number of active sites because of the hairy urchin-like structure. In tetracycline degradation through a heterogeneous Fenton reaction, the resulting material had good catalytic activity from pH 2 to pH 10 with low iron leaching, good reusability and remained at a level of nearly 90%after five consecutive cycles. Density functional theory calculations were used to further prove the mechanism of structural change of the iron oxides. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the iron oxides changed from 5.428 and 4.899 eV to 5.926 and 5.310 eV,indicating that the presence of PVA could influence the charge of the iron atom. The results provide new insights into the preparation of polymer hydrogel-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts with enhanced stability for water treatment.     

Evolutionof Sustainable Carbon Cycling Processes in China

This report summarizes the surveys on carbon inventories and initiatives on sustainable carbon cycling taken by RCEES. The first part of this report deals with the concept of sustainable carbon cycling, the historical evolution of carbon cycling processes in China, carbon pool enhancement, value addition, carbon sequestration and carbon balance. The second part covers the modeling of carbon dynamics, emission inventories of various carbon containing greenhouse gases and their potential abatement measures.     

面向突发事件智能建筑管理系统的集成结构

为了实现面向突发事件的智能建筑管理系统(IBMS),提出了智能建筑突发事件的抽象模型、基本运算操作及优先权分配机制,并根据突发事件监控和管理的目标,提出了IBMS的"分布式虚拟应急中心"集成结构.     

生物滴滤池净化二氯甲烷废气的实验研究

在φ50mm生物滴滤池内进行了二氯甲烷废气净化的实验研究.由工厂活性污泥经驯化培养得到菌种,进一步接种、在填料表面挂膜,接种和挂膜约需30d.滴滤池内装填聚丙烯散堆填料,废气和循环液在滴滤池内逆流操作,循环液pH值为7.0±0.5,温度维持在28.5±2℃的条件下,生物膜系统能较好地适应进口浓度的变化.在气体空床停留时间为15.7s、二氯甲烷进口浓度为0.7～3.12g/m³的范围内,去除效率为72.0%～99.1%.滴滤池中的酸性环境对二氯甲烷的降解具有明显抑制作用.     

南方典型水源地及水产养殖区抗生素的复合污染特征及生态风险

抗生素作为生长促进剂和疾病预防控制药物在水产养殖领域得到广泛应用,目前在许多环境水体中检测到不同类型的抗生素。环境中抗生素的残留问题也是目前环境研究的热点问题之一。本研究选择南方某市8个水源地和5个典型水产养殖区作为研究对象,采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱联用仪方法,调查了32种常用抗生素在水体中的含量水平和空间分布特征,揭示了抗生素的来源,并对其生态风险进行了评价。水源地共检出12种抗生素,浓度范围为0.12～44.6 ng·L~(-1),以磺胺甲噁唑含量最高;水产养殖区检出14种抗生素,浓度范围为0.95～716 ng·L~(-1),以氯四环素检出浓度最高。整体上水产养殖区抗生素的浓度高于水源地。抗生素浓度与环境因子的冗余分析表明,水产养殖和生活污水排放是水体中抗生素的主要来源。对检出的13种抗生素进行生态风险评价,单一抗生素而言,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氯四环素和脱水红霉素的风险商值大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险。总抗生素风险商值加和在大部分水源地大于0.01而小于0.1,表现为低风险;总抗生素风险商值加和在2个水产养殖区大于0.1,表现为中等风险,水产养殖区抗生素的长期生态风险应该引起关注。     

乙草胺对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应研究

乙草胺是我国使用量最大的除草剂之一,在水体中广泛存在。已有研究证明,乙草胺对人类、老鼠和鱼类具有毒害效应,而关于其对浮游植物影响的研究较少。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为模型,使用1～10 000μg·L~(-1)的乙草胺对其进行7 d的暴露实验,考察小球藻生长性能、叶绿素含量、光合作用产氧量以及光合作用相关基因(pbsA、rbcL和rbcS)表达的变化。结果表明,较低浓度的乙草胺可刺激蛋白核小球藻生长,而较高浓度乙草胺则会抑制其生长;并且乙草胺会通过影响小球藻叶绿素的含量而影响光合作用产氧量;小球藻光合作用相关基因pbsA、rbcL和rbcS表达大多显著上升,这可能是对乙草胺胁迫响应的反馈调节。研究表明,乙草胺会对蛋白核小球藻的生长及光合作用产生影响。