Silica-quaternary ammonium “Fixed-Quat” nanofilm coated fiberglass mesh for water disinfection and harmful algal blooms control

Intensification of pollution loading worldwide has promoted an escalation of different types of disease-causing microorganisms, such as harmful algal blooms(HABs), instigating detrimental impacts on the quality of receiving surface waters. Formation of unwanted disinfection by-products(DBPs) resulting from conventional disinfection technologies reveals the need for the development of new sustainable alternatives. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds(QACs) are cationic surfactants widely known for their effective biocidal properties at the ppm level. In this study, a novel silica-based antimicrobial nanofilm was developed using a composite of silica-modified QAC(Fixed-Quat) and applied to a fiberglass mesh as an active surface via sol–gel technique. The synthesized Fixed-Quat nanocoating was found to be effective against E. coli with an inactivation rate of 1.3 × 10~(-3) log reduction/cm min. The Fixed-Quat coated fiberglass mesh also demonstrated successful control of Microcystis aeruginosa with more than 99% inactivation after 10 hr of exposure.The developed antimicrobial mesh was also evaluated with wild-type microalgal species collected in a water body experiencing HABs, obtaining a 97% removal efficiency. Overall,the silica-functionalized Fixed-Quat nanocoating showed promising antimicrobial properties for water disinfection and HABs control, while decreasing concerns related to DBPs formation and the possible release of toxic nanomaterials into the environment.     

大气污染防治综合科学决策支持平台的开发及应用

大气污染防治和环境治理的紧迫性和复杂性需要科学有效的决策,而以费效评估为标志的综合决策评估模型是支撑环境决策和管理的重要工具.当前以ABaCAS（Air Pollution Control Cost-Benefit and Attainment Assessment System,空气污染控制成本效益与达标评估系统）为代表的综合决策评估模型可以实现对特定减排方案的费效评估,然而无法支持开展基于费效的达标路径优化,以及对应不同环境目标下减排策略的优化制定.针对上述问题,建立了大气污染防治综合科学决策支持平台.该平台以ABaCAS的4个核心模块为基础,建立了新的基于环境目标的反算技术（LE-CO）及优化集成运行模式（ABaCAS-OE）,实现了对不同环境目标要求的减排量反算,并对优化的减排策略下的空气质量改善效果、目标可达性、控制成本及健康收益进行快速估算.将大气污染防治综合科学决策支持平台应用到京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市,反算了2035年达标要求下的减排情景,以及对应减排方案的费用与效益.结果表明,相较于2015年,预测了2035年京津冀及周边地区的PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、NH₃排放量需分别减排70%~87%、49%~85%、66%~74%、51%~66%、0~40%才可达标,并且该情景可以带来可观的效益,费用-效益比达3.7.未来大气污染防治综合科学决策支持平台的研究将进一步面向多目标、多行业、多组分、多区域的精细化调控技术,实现经济、能源、排放、浓度、成本、健康、生态、气候一体化的综合决策,以全面支撑我国大气污染防治的综合科学决策.      

Influence of metal ions on sulfonamide antibiotics biochemical behavior in fiber coexisting system

Metal ions and fiber are common compounds in the livestock and poultry manure,which will affect the fate of organic compounds in aqueous environment. However,limited research has addressed the effect of coexisting metal ions and fiber on the biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics. Accordingly, a compositing study was performed to assess the effect of metal ions(Fe3+and Cu2+) on the biodegradation of sulfadimethoxine sodium salt(SDM) in the presence of fiber. The enhanced adsorption of SDM onto fiber in the presence of metal ions can be attributed to the π+–π electron donor acceptor(EDA) interaction. The microbial(Phanerochaete chrysosprium) could easily attach onto fiber forming attached microbial, and the degradation rates of SDM of immobilized bacteria in the presence of Fe3 +were 100%, which were significantly higher than those of free bacteria(45%). This study indicates that Fe3 +and fiber could enhance the biodegradation of SDM. Fiber acts as adsorbent, carrier, and substrate which enhanced the removal of SDM.     

Toxicities and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, China, based on sediment quality guidelines

The occurrence, toxicities, and ecological risks of five heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni) in the sediment of Taihu Lake were investigated in this study. To evaluate the toxicities caused by the heavy metals, the toxicities induced by organic contaminants and ammonia in the sediments were screened out with activated carbon and zeolite. The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were tested with benthic invertebrates(tubificid and chironomid).The correlations between toxicity of sediment and the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)derived previously were evaluated. There were significant correlations(p 0.0001) between the observed toxicities and the total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on SQGs,indicating that threshold effect level(TEL) and probable effect level(PEL) were reliable to predict the toxicities of heavy metals in the sediments of Taihu Lake. By contrast, the method based on acid volatile sulfides(AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals(SEM),such as ∑SEM/AVS and ∑SEM-AVS, did not show correlations with the toxicities. Moreover,the predictive ability of SQGs was confirmed by a total predicting accuracy of 77%. Ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs showed that the contaminations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the sediments of Taihu Lake were at relatively low or medium levels. The risks caused by heavy metals in the sediments of northern bay of the lake, which received more wastewater discharge from upper stream, were higher than other area of the lake.     

河北南大港湿地冬季浮游植物群落特征

南大港湿地是北方半人工的滨海沼泽湿地,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。研究其冬季结冰期及融冰后的浮游生物群落结构的特征,对于了解其水生生态系统的变化有重要意义。2016年1月5日和3月13日河北南大港湿地两次采样的各站位浮游植物样品鉴定结果表明:该湿地浮游植物为硅藻-绿藻型,共鉴定出浮游植物7门,74属,108种。1月结冰期细胞密度范围为（0.26~6.70）×107 /L,均值为2.25×107 /L,主要优势种包括衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）、小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）以及细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）。3月份融冰后细胞密度范围为（0.35~16.35）×107 /L,均值为4.28×107 /L,主要优势种包括小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）、四鞭藻（Carteria sp.）以及针形纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus acicularis）。结冰期前后,浮游植物资源均较为丰富,结构也比较稳定,但融冰后生物多样性要优于结冰期。由于环境因子空间异质性很大,因此同时期湿地内部各个站位物种种类空间分布和细胞密度差异较大。     

岸线地形变化对环渤海排污口临近海域水交换能力的影响

本文采用DHI MIKE3模型,基于渤海2004年和2014年的岸线地形数据,搭建了新旧岸线地形条件下渤海三维水动力模型,并在此基础上耦合拉格朗日粒子追踪模块,对环渤海主要排污口的粒子影响距离进行研究,来表征岸线地形变化对排污口附近海域的水交换能力的影响。模拟结果表明:环渤海排污口水交换能力整体呈减弱趋势。辽东湾西北部和东北部湾顶、渤海湾西北部湾顶、莱州湾大部分区域减弱幅度较大;渤海湾南口和渤海海峡附近水交换能力明显增强;位于岸线变化程度较小海域的排污口水交换能力变化不大。造成排污口附近水交换能力变化的主要原因包括岸线地形变化引起的余流方向、大小的变化和构筑物附近小环流的产生。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取净化(SPE)-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。采用ASE技术对土壤中OCPs进行提取,选用二氯甲烷∶丙酮=1∶1作为萃取溶剂,减少了组分的损失,17种OCPs的提取回收率达71.7%~113.4%。以弗罗里硅土小柱为净化载体,选择不同的淋洗溶剂形成4种方案进行净化试验,结果表明:方案1采用丙酮∶正己烷=1∶1为淋洗溶剂时的净化效果最好,17种OCPs的回收率为71.0%~97.6%,方法的检出限为0.16~0.28μg/kg。利用所建立的方法进行3个水平(0.01 mg/kg、0.02mg/kg、0.05mg/kg)的加标回收试验,结果表明:除了添加水平为0.01mg/kg时异狄氏剂和环氧七氯的回收率较差外,其余OCPs的回收率均达到72.3%~108.2%,相对标准偏差RSD小于15.6%,方法的回收率和相对标准偏差均满足土壤农药残留检测中准确度和精密度的要求。     

基于可公度方法的云南地区地震趋势研究

在对云南地区地震活动历史数据统计基础上,应用三元、四元、五元可公度法,蝴蝶结构图分别预测云南地区未来数年地震趋势,理论计算结果表明:该研究区域2017年前后强震信号比较强烈,有可能发生较大震级的地震,空间趋势位于东经101.5°以东。该研究可为今后云南地区地震趋势研究提供参考。     

GJB 4239问题分析及修订建议

从GJB 4239制定的背景入手,分析了该标准存在的一些问题。同时结合15年来在型号工程中推广应用遇到的实际问题,重点分析了国内外相关标准及政府文件的发展变化情况,包括:美军标810F/G中第Ⅰ部分《环境工程工作指南》内容的变化及存在的问题,GJB 450A相对于GJB 450的优点,GJB 4239与810F中《环境工程工作指南》内容的差别,GJB 450A相对GJB 4239修订的可参照性等。在此基础上,提出了修订该标准的若干建议。     

施加碳酸钙对酸性土壤微生物氮循环的影响

土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用是闭合氮循环的重要步骤,阐明在酸性土壤施用碳酸钙(CaCO_3)对土壤理化性质及土壤氮循环的影响,可为农田质量稳定和可持续利用提供理论依据和技术支持.以湖南省湘潭市酸性土壤为研究对象,设计了4个CaCO_3施加量,分别为0、2.25、4.5和7.5 t·hm~(-2),在种植一季水稻后,分析了不同CaCO_3施加量对土壤理化性质、硝化作用和反硝化作用的影响.结果表明CaCO_3的施加,显著提高了土壤溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)762.10~868.58mg·kg~(-1),促进土壤硝化作用[0.59~0.82μg·(g·h)~(-1),以NO_2~--N/土计],但当CaCO_3施加量达7.5 t·hm~(-2)时对硝化作用产生抑制,土壤反硝化作用对CaCO_3的响应较为复杂.Pearson相关分析结果表明,土壤硝化作用与土壤DOC显著正相关,和NH_4~+-N含量显著负相关,反硝化作用与NO_3~--N含量、土壤DOC显著正相关,和含水量显著负相关.