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11.
This paper provides a case study of recent work undertaken in Melbourne relating to a mall re-development project. It begins by discussing the nature of shopping centres as sites of consumption and non-commercial social activities. It then describes planning and development strategies that provide innovative and socially progressive interventions in regard to the social, physical and regulatory environments of public malls. The importance of seeing such sites as 'community spaces', of promoting activities on the basis of social inclusion, of creating a safe, convivial atmosphere, and of establishing low-key friendly sorts of mall management, are highlighted. 相似文献
12.
Land Conversion for Suburban Housing: A Study of Urbanization Around Warsaw and Olsztyn,Poland 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
In Poland of the 1990s, urban demand for housing land around city agglomerations increased rapidly. The decreasing profitability of agricultural production also caused farmers to become interested in the sale of agricultural land for nonagricultural purposes, and new land legislation granted them the right to sell their land. Polish counties simultaneously received self-governing status, which allowed them to define the priorities for local development. Counties received additional responsibility for land management and quickly demonstrated strong support for land conversion, which was perceived as a factor of local development. This paper argues that decentralization and the extension of private control over land have led to a loss of rural landscapes in Poland because farmers, county governments, and rural society in general gained from the conversion of agricultural to housing land. Rapid urbanization has significantly reduced the availability of open space around cities and threatened valuable landscapes, for it has occurred in the absence of environmental safeguards. This paper reports findings from research in two counties, located in regions with diverse economic growth rates. Decentralization is particularly problematic if tax regulations and intergovernmental fiscal relations reward local authorities for urbanization but not environmental protection.
Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004. 相似文献
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Adam J. Wolfberg 《黑龙江环境通报》2018,38(3):219-221
Authors of policy statements from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and from the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine do not acknowledge the potential for their clinical income to influence their opinions, or the positions of the societies they represent. These policy statements were published in Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, again, without acknowledgment of the potential for conflict of interest. The case of noninvasive prenatal testing, which has threatened the role of maternal-fetal medicine in the practice of prenatal screening and diagnosis, and has significantly reduced the demand for invasive prenatal diagnosis, illustrates the importance of identifying this potential conflict. 相似文献
15.
Karen L. Stals Matthew Wakeling Júlia Baptista Richard Caswell Andrew Parrish Julia Rankin Carolyn Tysoe Garan Jones Adam C. Gunning Hana Lango Allen Lisa Bradley Angela F. Brady Helena Carley Jenny Carmichael Bruce Castle Deirdre Cilliers Helen Cox Charu Deshpande Abhijit Dixit Jacqueline Eason Frances Elmslie Andrew E. Fry Alan Fryer Muriel Holder Tessa Homfray Emma Kivuva Victoria McKay Ruth Newbury-Ecob Michael Parker Ravi Savarirayan Claire Searle Nora Shannon Deborah Shears Sarah Smithson Ellen Thomas Peter D. Turnpenny Vinod Varghese Pradeep Vasudevan Emma Wakeling Emma L. Baple Sian Ellard 《黑龙江环境通报》2018,38(1):33-43
针对传统教与学算法在解决复杂多峰函数优化问题时,具有局部最优且搜索开发能力较差的缺点,提出了一种改进的多学习教与学优化算法,新算法为学员的每一维加入不同的教学因子,设计了基于学员均值比较的教师选择策略和向教师及学员学习的多学习策略。基于多个单峰和多峰函数的仿真结果表明,新算法跟传统的、改进的教与学算法相比,在稳定性、寻优精度和收敛速度方面更具优势。 相似文献
16.
Animal lifespans range from a few days to many decades, and this life history diversity is especially pronounced in ants.
Queens can live for decades. Males, in contrast, are often assumed to act as ephemeral sperm delivery vessels that die after
a brief mating flight—a view developed from studies of lekking species in temperate habitats. In a tropical ant assemblage,
we found that males can live days to months outside the nest, a trait hypothesized to be associated with female calling, another
common mating system. We combined feeding experiments with respirometry to show that lifespan can be enhanced over 3 months
by feeding outside the nest. In one focal female calling species, Ectatomma ruidum, feeding enhanced male lifespan, but not sperm content. Extended lifespans outside the nest suggest stronger than expected
selection on premating traits of male ants, although the ways these traits shape male mating success remain poorly understood. 相似文献
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Darryn McEvoy Piotr Matczak Ilona Banaszak Adam Chorynski 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):779-795
Whilst mitigation has dominated policy and research agendas in recent years there is an increasing recognition that communities
also need to be preparing for change that is unavoidable, partially a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases already
emitted to the atmosphere. The perceived need for adaptation has also received additional impetus through the high public
profile now given to the impacts of current day weather variability, particularly the significant economic and social costs
associated with recent extreme events. However, being a relatively new focus for both research and policy communities; practical
evidence of the extent, feasibility, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of potential adaptation options remains largely lacking.
In response, this paper seeks to make a contribution to this embryonic but evolving knowledge base by considering the theoretical
underpinnings of adaptation and ultimately how this translates into practice ‘in the real world’. The analytical commentary,
based on a bottom-up approach involving iterative engagement with key stakeholders and experts, reflects on the identification
of measures that are either innovative or examples of good practice in reducing or transferring climate risks, as well as
considering those ‘enabling’ institutional structures and processes that act to support implementation on the ground. The
paper concludes by synthesising the key findings to date in order to highlight some of the opportunities for, and barriers
to, adaptation activity. 相似文献
20.
Adam Felton Ross A. Alford Annika M. Felton Lin Schwarzkopf 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(6):786-795
We examined multiple mate choice criteria in Cophixalus ornatus, a terrestrial breeding, microhylid frog. Mate choice consisted of three stages: mate attraction (male calling), courtship
(male behavior between the call site and the nest), and nest site selection by the female. For male C. ornatus, the possession of a call with low dominant frequency relative to calling neighbors increased the probability that they would
attract females. Dominant frequency was negatively correlated with age independent of male mass and snout vent length. When
escorting the female from the call site to their nest, males traveled along more convoluted paths than when returning to the
nest alone. The convolution of the path was, therefore, considered an aspect of courtship. Females released eggs into nests
with structural characteristics typical of nests constructed by older males. Thus, females increased their chances of locating
an acceptable nest by preferentially approaching males with lower dominant frequencies. This study is the first to demonstrate
that age, independent of mass or snout-vent length, can influence call characteristics in anurans, and it is also the first
to demonstrate the importance of male age to female mate choice in an amphibian. 相似文献