PbO2/Fe双阳极耦合促进焦化废水除碳脱氮

传统单个PbO_2阳极用于污染物去除存在降解效率较差、能耗高的问题,本文构建了PbO_2/Fe双阳极体系,通过耦合电氧化技术和电絮凝技术实现对焦化废水同步除碳脱氮.研究发现,双阳极体系下6 h电解使得化学需氧量(COD)和总氮(TN)去除率分别达到50.3%±6.2%和34.9%±4.2%,高于单PbO_2阳极体系(21.9%±3.4%和21.1%±5.3%)和单Fe阳极体系(11.0%±1.2%和12.1%±3.1%).COD和TN去除速度与施加在两个阳极上的电流大小直接相关.采用焦化废水中主要污染物如苯酚、硫氰酸盐、氨氮进行配水实验时发现,Fe阳极加入不仅起到了电絮凝作用,还可以促进氧化反应的发生,提高了反应速度.从体系中氯离子、pH变化情况及电子自旋共振光谱结果可推测,Fe阳极释放出来的Fe(Ⅱ)与PbO_2阳极氧化氯离子产生的ClO~-发生类Fenton反应,生成强氧化性物质作用于污染物氧化降解.     

新形势下环境监测科技发展现状与展望

结合国家生态环境监测网络建设方案和环境监测管理方式的变化,依据"十三五"期间环境保护重点工作和国家科技体制改革方向,对环境监测科研现状进行了分析。从环境监测技术体系建设、国家重点研发计划、国家科技重大专项等方面综合考虑,分析了水、气、土等方面的科研工作现状和问题,总结了"十三五"期间环境监测技术体系建设需求和进度安排,归纳了国家层面环境监测科技发展需求,提出了"十三五"环境监测科技发展的展望与思路。     

单个药品及其混合物对Aliivibrio fischeri的毒性研究：单一化合物的实验结果，并对其行为机理和对水生生物潜在急性效应进行思考

在这个较广泛的关于单个和多组分混合药物活性化合物影响研究的第一部分，作者使用了Microtox^?测试系统详细分析了10种广泛使用的人用和兽用药活性化合物对生物荧光细菌Aliivibrio fischeri的影响。实验结果表明大多数受试化合物具有中度毒性。对比实验得到的50%抑制浓度和定量构效关系模型预测的结果表明，大多数受试药物活性化合物与极性麻醉型化合物对A. fischeri的行为类似(似乎只有抗生素金霉素有特定的作用机制)。将实验结果与其他不属预定目标的生物急性毒性数据集进行比较表明，一般而言A . fischeri较其他水生物种敏感。然而，根据全球化学品统一分类和标签制度，大部分受调查的化学物质可归为水生生态系统中有害或无毒的化合物。最后，基于欧盟水体中测量的环境浓度第95百分位数和各种水生生物的急性毒性数据的比较，可以认为当受试药物活性化合物作为单一化合物进行评估的时候，不存在水生生物风险。
精选自Valeria Di Nica, Sara Villa, Antonio Finizio. Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 807–814, July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3568
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3568/full
     

CaCl_2-PAC工艺处理酸性高氟废水

以湖南某氟化盐厂排放的酸性高氟废水为研究对象,提出Ca Cl2-PAC处理酸性高氟废水新工艺,确定了最佳工艺条件,并对比了晶种添加前后对除氟效果、沉渣含水率的影响及沉渣中氟化钙的纯度;结果表明:在钙盐沉淀阶段,p H≈9,n(Ca/F)=0.75,搅拌45 min、沉降90 min;在絮凝沉淀阶段,p H≈7.5,PAC投加量为350 mg/L,最后出水氟离子浓度可降至10 mg/L以下,达到了《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准。在钙盐沉淀阶段按照10 g/L添加大颗粒氟化钙后,氟去除率进一步提高,处理后所得的沉渣氟化钙纯度可达到85%,沉渣含水率较晶种添加前降低20%,有利于实现高效除氟和氟化钙的回收利用。     

京津冀地区经济发展与PM10浓度变化的灰色关联分析

近几年,京津冀地区因灰霾天气频发而备受关注。通过分析京津冀地区PM10浓度变化与主要经济指标的关系,查找京津冀地区空气污染原因,并为今后污染控制措施提供参考。采用灰色关联分析法,对2007—2012年京津冀地区PM10与GDP、钢铁产量、煤炭消费总量、原油消费总量、天然气消费总量5项经济指标进行了分析,结果表明,在与本地经济指标的关联度方面,京津冀地区、北京市、天津市的PM10与煤炭消费总量相关性高;河北省略有不同,钢铁产量为关联度最高的经济指标。在与京津冀地区经济指标的关联度方面,相比本地,北京市、河北省均呈现较大差异性,天津市差异性较小,说明北京市、河北省空气质量受自身影响较大,天津市空气质量受区域传输影响明显。建议整个京津冀地区均应重点加大"控煤"力度,天津市还需加强区域联防联控力度,河北省应加快钢铁企业转型升级,压缩过剩产能。     

Dechlorane Plus in surface soil of North China: levels,isomer profiles,and spatial distribution

Eighty-seven soil samples collected from North China were analyzed for Dechlorane Plus (DP). The concentrations of DP ranged from not detectable (ND) to 12.21 ng/g with a mean of 0.55 ng/g. The mean concentrations of total DP and syn-DP in four regions of North China were in the following order: Jingjin (Beijing and Tianjin)?>?Shandong?>?Shanxi?>?Hebei, while the mean concentrations of anti-DP in the four regions were in a different order: Shandong?>?Jingjin?>?Shanxi?>?Hebei. The mean f _syn values for Jingjin (0.27), Hebei (0.24), and Shanxi (0.24) were close to 0.25, while the mean f _syn value for Shandong (0.31) was closer to 0.35. In addition, the f _syn value for Shandong was significantly higher (P?<?0.01) than those of the other regions (Jingjin, Heibei, and Shanxi), indicating specific sources of DP. Syn-DP displayed a strong linear relationship with anti-DP (R ²?=?0.74), indicating that no obvious stereoselective process occurred in the soil of North China. Ordinary kriging was undertaken to map the spatial patterns of DP. High concentrations of DP in soils were present in south of Shanxi, central Hebei, south of Tianjin, and the south and northeast of Shandong, which were suggested to be connected with human activities such as e-waste dismantling.     

Sensitivity of hypogean and epigean freshwater copepods to agricultural pollutants

Widespread pollution from agriculture is one of the major causes of the poor freshwater quality currently observed across Europe. Several studies have addressed the direct impact of agricultural pollutants on freshwater biota by means of laboratory bioassays; however, as far as copepod crustaceans are concerned, the ecotoxicological research is scarce for freshwater species and almost nonexistent for the hypogean ones. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the available literature data on the sensitivity of freshwater copepods to agricultural pollutants. We also assessed the acute and chronic sensitivity of a hypogean and an epigean species, both belonging to the Crustacea Copepoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae, to two N-fertilizers (urea and ammonium nitrate) and two herbicides (ARIANE^TM II from Dow AgroSciences LLC, and Imazamox), widely used for cereal agriculture in Europe. According to the literature review, freshwater copepods are sensitive to a range of pesticides and N-fertilizers. Ecotoxicological studies on hypogean species of copepods account only one study. There are no standardized protocols available for acute and chronic toxicity tests for freshwater copepods, making comparisons about sensitivity difficult. From our experiments, ionized ammonia proved to be more toxic than the herbicide Imazamox, in both short and chronic bioassays. Urea was the less toxic chemical for both species. The hypogean species was more sensitive than the epigean one to all chemicals. For both species and for all tested chemicals, acute lethality and chronic lethality were induced at concentrations higher than the law limits of good water body quality in Europe, except for ionized ammonia, which provoked the chronic lethality of the hypogean species at a lower concentration. The hazardous concentration (HC) of un-ionized ammonia for 5 % of freshwater copepods, obtained by a species sensitivity distribution, was 92 μg l^?1, significantly lower than the HC computed for traditional test species from freshwater environments.     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器（MBR）是一种高效的污水处理工艺，而微生物燃料电池（MFC）能利用N0i作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮效率低和膜污染问题，建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC—MBR反应器为对照，对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明，2套系统的COD去除率均超过88％，对NH4-N的去除均达到99％。闭路MFC—MBR系统TN去除率达到69．4％，高于开路系统的55．3％。混合液的MLVSS／MLSS稳定在88％左右，同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质，zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少，污泥颗粒平均体积粒径（233．482μm）较开路系统（94．877μm）有明显增加，膜清洗周期延长了41．17％。     

颗粒层中非水相液体污染物冲洗排出速度的数值模拟简

在进行污染土壤的冲洗修复时，模型模拟是极具优势的预测净化效果的方法。本研究分别采用5种粒径的球形玻璃微珠模拟实际土壤，实验考察了玻璃微珠颗粒层中水和非水相液体的排出速度，给出了颗粒层中液含率分布函数，以及最大和最小颗粒层孔隙直径的定义，建立了一个描述颗粒层中水和非水相液体排出速度的多孔介质孔隙毛细管束模型。使用构建的模型模拟水和异辛烷在颗粒层中的排出速度，模拟结果与实验数据有很好的一致性，模型预测结果的平均相对误差小于6.4%，特别是对粒径较小颗粒层，预测的准确性更高。模型可作为进一步研究在非水相液体饱和土壤水冲洗修复时，水和非水相液体排出速度和修复效果的基础。     

Does static electric field from ultra-high voltage direct-current transmission lines affect male reproductive capacity? Evidence from a laboratory study on male mice

With the development of ultra-high-voltage direct-current (UHVDC) transmission technology and increase in transmission voltage, the issue of environmental static electric field (SEF) pollution is standing out and its possible health effects have caused much public attention. In this study, the effects of chronic exposure to SEF on reproductive capacity of male mice were investigated. Twenty Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were exposed to SEF (56.3 ± 1.4 kV/m, 49 days) generated by a high-voltage device. Several biological end points related to spermatogenesis and testicular function were evaluated, including reproductive organ coefficients, sperm motility and morphology, serum testosterone level, and testicular histology. No significant differences were found between the SEF-exposed and sham-exposed groups at the end of the exposure period. However, further observation through transmission electron microscopy revealed cristae losses in mitochondria of spermatogenic cells after SEF exposure. Nevertheless, the mitochondria injury did not affect sperm motility, which might be explained from the perspective of energy supply. That is, most of the energy required for sperm movement is generated by glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm rather than oxidative phosphorylation which occurs in mitochondria. In conclusion, this study indicates that exposure to SEF (56.3 ± 1.4 kV/m, 49 days) has limited effects on male reproductive capacity.