我国典型露地蔬菜生产中的温室气体排放

基于国家农业统计数据,以露地番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜为研究对象,应用生命周期评价(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法,定量化我国4种典型露地蔬菜生产中的净温室气体排放(net greenhouse gas emission,NGHGE),并比较蔬菜种类间、省域间净温室气体排放差异和分析减排措施.结果表明:我国典型露地蔬菜生产系统温室气体排放量远高于其带来的碳固定量,是净温室气体排放系统,生产单位面积露地番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜净温室气体排放(以CO_2-eq计)分别为4 149、 3 718、 3 780和2 427 kg·hm~(-2),不同种类露地蔬菜净温室气体排放差异大;我国典型露地蔬菜净温室气体排放空间差异大,其中,海南、云南、陕西和山东等省份番茄、黄瓜、大白菜和萝卜净温室气体排放高;肥料生产运输和施用是露地蔬菜温室气体排放的主要贡献因子,贡献率为86.8%～90.8%,因此改善肥料生产工艺降低肥料生产运输过程中的温室气体排放和根据露地蔬菜种类及种植地区优化肥料施用量是实现我国露地蔬菜可持续发展的重要措施.     

Prevalence and Bayesian Phylogenetics of Enteroviruses Derived From Environmental Surveillance Around Polio Vaccine Switch Period in Shandong Province,China

Food and Environmental Virology - We present the results of environmental surveillance for poliovirus (PV) and non-poliovirus (NPEV) around the switch from trivalent to bivalent oral polio-vaccine...     

5.12汶川地震后理县甘堡乡磨子沟泥石流特征分析

磨子沟泥石流位于四川省理县甘堡乡,历史上泥石流活动明显,沟口317国道和村庄都曾遭受其破坏。5.12汶川地震后,沟内出现大量松散固体物质,为泥石流的暴发提供了充足的物源。本文通过野外实地调查,对泥石流的形成条件和动力学特征进行分析。     

国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较

文章以英国2009年发表的可持续发展指标体系和美国可持续社区指标指南为例,比较了国内外城市可持续发展评估指标体系,列举了各指标体系的大类和分项,从指标体系的选择和评价方法的确定等方面综述了国内可持续发展指标体系,以期为制定和完善中国的城市可持续发展指标体系提供参考。     

Germination of Deyeuxia angustifolia as affected by soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen level

Deyeuxia angustifolia is a dominant species in the Sanjiang Plain, the largest freshwater marsh wetland in China. However, this species has declined because of great environment changes. In the effects of sea-level rise and greenhouse gas, magnitude and frequency of flood and rate of deposit in wetland increased greatly. Thus, in this paper, effects of soil environment (soil type, burial depth, water depth and oxygen concentration) on seed germination of D. angustifolia were investigated. Both soil type and burial depth affected seedling emergence. Seedlings emerged through 1-, 2-, 4-mm sand, and at 1-and 2-mm mud. Regardless of soil, seedling emergence time increased and emergence percentage decreased with increasing burial depth. For example, seedlings started to emerge on the 4th day and the final emergence percentage was 30% when covered with1-mm mud, whereas the initial emergence time was on the 6th day and the final emergence percentage was only 8% when covered with 2-mm mud. At the same burial depth, emergence percentage was higher in sand than in mud. Increasing water depth inhibited seed germination. Germination percentage in 2-cm water level (20%) was 1.2 times higher than that in 12-cm water level (9%). Oxygen concentration also affected germination. In the 21% oxygen concentration, germination was started on the 2nd day and the germination percentage was 36%, while seed started to germinate on the 4th day and the germination percentage was only 3% at the 7% oxygen concentration. These data indicate that seed germination of D. angustifolia was highly sensitive to soil type, burial depth, water depth, oxygen concentration, and these responses may be an explicit indication of maladjustment to environment changes, and an important reason accounting for the decline of this species in the Sanjiang Plain.     

生物接触氧化+植物一体化装置处理小城镇污水试验研究

利用“生物接触氧化+植物”一体化装置处理城镇污水,试验最终选用悬浮多面球作填料,采用射流曝气,控制进水流量为0.45 m3/h,进水浓度为COD 63～467 mg/L、NH3-N 11.21～52.7 mg/L、TN 28.6 ～63.5mg/L和TP １.1～6.42 mg/L时,COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到88％、86％、70％、60％以上,出水COD≤30 mg/L,NH3-N≤5 mg/L、TN≤13 mg/L、TP≤0.5 mg/L.水质优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,具有较好的工程应用前景.     

Kinetic study of phytotoxicity induced by foliar lead uptake for vegetables exposed to fine particles and implications for sustainable urban agriculture

At the global scale, foliar metal transfer occurs for consumed vegetables cultivated in numerous urban or industrial areas with a polluted atmosphere. However, the kinetics of metal uptake, translocation and involved phytotoxicity was never jointly studied with vegetables exposed to micronic and sub-micronic particles (PM). Different leafy vegetables (lettuces and cabbages) cultivated in RHIZOtest® devices were, therefore, exposed in a greenhouse for 5, 10 and 15 days to various PbO PM doses. The kinetics of transfer and phytotoxicity was assessed in relation to lead concentration and exposure duration. A significant Pb accumulation in leaves (up to 7392 mg/kg dry weight (DW) in lettuce) with translocation to roots was observed. Lead foliar exposure resulted in significant phytotoxicity, lipid composition change, a decrease of plant shoot growth (up to 68.2% in lettuce) and net photosynthesis (up to 58% in lettuce). The phytotoxicity results indicated plant adaptation to Pb and a higher sensitivity of lettuce in comparison with cabbage. Air quality needs, therefore, to be considered for the health and quality of vegetables grown in polluted areas, such as certain megacities (in China, Pakistan, Europe, etc.) and furthermore, to assess the health risks associated with their consumption.     

Estimating Floodwater Depths from Flood Inundation Maps and Topography

Information on flood inundation extent is important for understanding societal exposure, water storage volumes, flood wave attenuation, future flood hazard, and other variables. A number of organizations now provide flood inundation maps based on satellite remote sensing. These data products can efficiently and accurately provide the areal extent of a flood event, but do not provide floodwater depth, an important attribute for first responders and damage assessment. Here we present a new methodology and a GIS‐based tool, the Floodwater Depth Estimation Tool (FwDET), for estimating floodwater depth based solely on an inundation map and a digital elevation model (DEM). We compare the FwDET results against water depth maps derived from hydraulic simulation of two flood events, a large‐scale event for which we use medium resolution input layer (10 m) and a small‐scale event for which we use a high‐resolution (LiDAR; 1 m) input. Further testing is performed for two inundation maps with a number of challenging features that include a narrow valley, a large reservoir, and an urban setting. The results show FwDET can accurately calculate floodwater depth for diverse flooding scenarios but also leads to considerable bias in locations where the inundation extent does not align well with the DEM. In these locations, manual adjustment or higher spatial resolution input is required.     

无污染碘化法提金工艺条件及再生研究

以大兴安岭地区呼玛金矿含银氧化矿为原材料,探讨了碘化提金的工艺条件,并对碘的再生方式进行了研究。研究表明,常温条件下当浸出时间为3 h,液固比为5:1,碘含量达到0.8%,pH值在6~8的范围内时,可以得到较理想的浸金率,此时金的浸出率可达到90%以上。为了降低碘化提金的应用成本,采用锌置换金的方法使碘回收,结果显示,当锌粉的加入量为1 g,置换时间为1 h时,置换率最高,碘可以高效回收利用。     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxicoxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L⁻¹. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.