外来植物豚草的入侵机理研究进展及其现状

从外来植物的入侵性和生境的可入侵性两方面综述了外来植物豚草的入侵机理研究进展,分析了豚草在秦皇岛地区的现状,以中国环境管理干部学院新校区为例调查了人类活动干扰对豚草的影响。豚草的入侵性与其自身所具有的生理生态学特性密切相关,生境的可入侵性则与其群落特征和受干扰程度等因素有关。目前豚草是秦皇岛地区自然群落的建群种,没有表现出入侵性。新校区调查结果表明:豚草在自然群落中零星分布,但受到人类活动干扰的生境中豚草表现出一定的优势度。因此,在豚草防治中应防止人类活动的过度干扰影响,以保护当地的生态环境。     

晚期垃圾渗滤液短程硝化生物动力学研究

通过对亚硝化反应器中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮变化趋势的试验研究,认为渗滤液中存在着可以转化成氨氮的有机氮,但有机氮的转化不是在瞬时完成的。利用劳伦斯-麦卡蒂模式求得模型参数为氨氮vmax=4.67 mg/(mg.d),Ks=464.4 mg/L,Y=0.1966 mg/mg,Kd=0.55384/d,通过模型得出了反应器内生物量浓度、出流水质与污泥龄的关系,以期为实际工程中垃圾渗滤液生物脱氮提供借鉴。     

Modeling soil conservation, water conservation and their tradeoffs:A case study in Beijing

Natural ecosystems provide society with important goods and services. With the rapid increase in human populations and excessive utilization of natural resources, humans frequently enhance the production of some services at the expense of the others. Although the need for tradeoffs between conservation and development is urgent, the lack of efficient methods to assess such tradeoffs has impeded progress. Three land use strategy scenarios (development scenario, plan trend scenario and conservation scenario) were created to forecast potential changes in ecosystem services from 2007 to 2050 in Beijing, China. GIS-based techniques were used to map spatial and temporal distribution and changes in ecosystem services for each scenario. The provision of ecosystem services differed spatially, with significant changes being associated with different scenarios. Scenario analysis of water yield (as average annual yield) and soil retention (as retention rate per unit area) for the period 2007 to 2050 indicated that the highest values for these parameters were predicted for the forest habitat under all three scenarios. Annual yield/retention of forest, shrub, and grassland ranked the highest in the conservation scenario. Total water yield and soil retention increased in the conservation scenario and declined dramatically in the other two scenarios, especially the development scenario. The conservation scenario was the optimal land use strategy, resulting in the highest soil retention and water yield. Our study suggests that the evaluation and visualization of ecosystem services can effectively assist in understanding the tradeoffs between conservation and development. Results of this study have implications for planning and monitoring future management of natural capital and ecosystem services, which can be integrated into land use decision-making.     

安全评价机构建设之我见

根据多年的工作实践,从严格执行法律法规、造就一支高素质的专业人才队伍、不断完善技术支撑条件、实行有效的过程控制、提高业务能力、建设一个学习型组织等方面论述了安全评价机构的建设。     

正压空气呼吸器定期检验及存在问题分析

正压空气呼吸器是抢险救援的重要装备。本文对正压空气呼吸器的基本组成、工作原理进行了阐述，对长庆油田在用正压空气呼吸器使用现状和存在的问题进行了汇总和分析，提出了定期检验的内容、依据和程序．明确了开展定期检验是确保正压空气呼吸器正常使用、减少隐患的重要手段。     

松嫩平原土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响研究

应用遥感和GIS技术,在获取松嫩平原三期土地利用动态数据的基础上,分析了该地区土地利用变化与成因及其所引起的生态价值的变化.结果表明,从1986年到2000年,松嫩平原草地、水域和湿地面积大量减少,耕地、城镇用地和未利用地面积在增加.该地区总生态价值从1986年的34 926.10×106美元减少到2000年的31 744.54×106美元,减少率为9.11%,净损失值为3 181.56 ×106美元.1995-2000年的5年时间里,生态系统服务价值降低的趋势得到一定程度的缓和.对生态价值变化的空间区域分析表明,黑龙江省部分生态价值损失不大,而吉林省部分,特别是吉林西部环境脆弱带生态价值损失较多.     

机械故障振动信号征兆提取方法

在机械状态监测与故障诊断中，故障征兆的提取是关键环节，本文将介绍几种效果较好的故障征兆提取方法。     

The effects of hydrogen peroxide pre-oxidation on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling alleviation in drinking water treatment

Pre-oxidation is widely used to reduce ultrafiltration membrane fouling.However,the variation in the composition of microbial communities and extracellular polymeric substances(EPSs) accompanying pre-oxidation in drinking water treatment has received little attention.In this study,hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) was used in a coagulationultrafiltration process with Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O.A long-term reactor experiment(60 d) showed that pre-oxidation alleviated membrane fouling,mainly due to its inhibition of microbial growth,as observed by flow cytometry measurements of the membrane tank water.Further analysis of the formed cake layer demonstrated that the corresponding levels of EPS released from the microbes were lower with than without H_2O_2 treatment.In comparison to polysaccharides,proteins dominated the EPS.2 D-electrophoresis showed little difference(p 0.05,Student's t-test) in the composition of proteins in the cake layer between the treatments with and without H_2O_2.The molecular weights of proteins ranged from approximately 30–50 kDa and the majority of isoelectric points ranged from 6 to 8.Highthroughput sequencing showed that the predominant bacteria were Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Verrucomicrobia in both cake layers.However,the relative abundance of Planctomycetes was higher in the cake layer with H_2O_2 pre-oxidation,which was likely probably due to the strong oxidative resistance of its cell wall.Overall,our findings clarify the fundamental molecular mechanism in H_2O_2 pre-oxidation for ultrafiltration membrane bio-fouling alleviation in drinking water treatment.     

Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting

As a major reservoir of antibiotics, animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure. Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput sequencing during vacuum-type composting (VTC) and positive-pressure composting (PPC). The total detected ARGs and class I integrase gene (intI1) under VTC were significantly lower than that under PPC during each stage of the composting (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) which were identified based on sequencing information and correlation analysis decreased by 74.6% and 91.4% at the end of PPC and VTC, respectively. The composition of archaeal communities indicated that methane-producing archaea including Methanobrevibacter, Methanocorpusculum and Methanosphaera were dominant throughout the composting. Redundancy analysis suggested that Methanobrevibacter and Methanocorpusculum were positively correlated with all of the detected ARGs. Network analysis determined that the possible hosts of ARGs were different under VTC and PPC, and provided new sights about potential links between archaea and ARGs. Our results showed better performance of VTC in reducing ARGs and potential HPB and demonstrated that some archaea could also be influential hosts of ARGs, and caution the risks of archaea carrying ARGs.     

Effects of Al3+ on the microstructure and bioflocculation of anoxic sludge

The aluminum ions generated from mining aluminum,electrolytic aluminum and the industrial production of aluminum-based coagulants(such as AlCl_3 and Al_2(SO_4)_3) enter sewage treatment plants and interact with activated sludges.An anaerobic/anoxic/oxic(A~2 O) process was used to reveal the effects of Al~(3+) on the pollutant removal efficiencies,bioflocculation and the micro structure of sludge.The results showed that a low concentration of Al~(3+) improved the pollutant removal efficiencies and increased the sludge particle size.However,a high concentration of Al~(3+) hindered microbial flocculation and reduced the pollutant removal efficiencies.With a 10 mg/L Al~(3+) addition,the chemical oxygen demand(COD),total nitrogen(TN) and NH_4~+-N increased by 3%,16% and 27%,and reached as high as 68%,60% and 87%,respectively.At the same time,the dehydrogenase activity,flocculation ability(FA) and contact angle of the sludge reached their maximum levels at 41.3 mg/L/hr,45% and 79.63°,respectively.The specific surface area of the sludge decreased to 7.084 m2/g and the sludge pore size distribution shifted to concentrate in the me soporous range.Most of Al~(3+) was adsorbed on the surface of sludge,changing the physicochemical properties and physical structure of the sludge.