Characteristics and sources of non-methane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in wintertime urban atmosphere of Shanghai, China

The characteristics and sources of major hydrocarbons and halocarbons in the wintertime ambient air of urban center of Shanghai, a mega city of China, were investigated. Propane, toluene, ethyl acetate, and benzene were the most abundant hydrocarbons. The majority of species showed significant variability in mixing ratios with occasional episodic increases. The more common use of liquefied petroleum gas fuel for taxis and light motorcycles was believed to lead to high levels of ambient propane over the urban center of Shanghai. Correlating with toluene, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), abundant chloromethane (up to a daily mean of 1.61?±?0.99 ppbv and a maximum of 5.34 ppbv) was mainly associated with industrial emissions, although biomass burnings exist widely in east China. The Chinese New Year (CNY) holiday period with no industrial activity over China provides a platform for the study of industrial emissions over the urban atmosphere of Shanghai. The normal weekly cycles were characterized by higher and more variable mixing ratios during weekdays which dropped during weekends. Enhanced mixing ratios were observed in the fortnight before the CNY holidays due to increased industrial emissions as a result of overtime production to make up for the holiday losses. During the CNY holidays, lower level and less variable mixing ratios were observed. A benzene/toluene (B/T) ratio of 0.6?±?0.4 (mean?±?std.) for the morning rush hour samples was identified to be the characteristic ratio of vehicular emissions. However, a B/T ratio of 0.4?±?0.2 from vehicles and other sources was derived for the ambient air.     

Effects of environmental factors on the production and release of matrix-bound phosphine from lake sediments

Effects of pH, temperature, and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sediments were investigated under laboratory tests. Results indicated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH 1 or 12. Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10. The contents of phosphine increased with the addition of alkali under pH 4–12. The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sediments varied with temperature. 20°C was the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine. Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine. Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation and depletion processes.     

Aircraft measurements of O3, NOx,CO, VOCs,and SO2 in the Yangtze River Delta region

In this study, air pollutants, including ozone (O₃), nitrogen oxides (NO_x = NO + NO₂), carbon monoxides (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during several air flights between September/30 and October/11 are analyzed. This measurement provides horizontal and vertical distributions of air pollutants in the YRD region. The analysis of the result shows that the measured O₃ concentrations range from 20 to 60 ppbv. These values are generally below the US national standard (84 ppbv), suggesting that at the present, the O₃ pollutions are modest in this region. The NO_x concentrations have strong spatial and temporal variations, ranging from 3 to 40 ppbv. The SO₂ concentrations also have large spatial and temporal variations, ranging from 1 to 35 ppbv. The high concentrations of CO are measured with small variations, ranging from 3 to 7 ppmv. The concentrations of VOCs are relatively low, with the total VOC concentrations of less than 6 ppbv. The relative small VOC concentrations and the relative large NO_x concentrations suggest that the O₃ chemical formation is under a strong VOC-limited regime in the YRD region. The measured O₃ and NO_x concentrations are strongly anti-correlated, indicating that enhancement in NO_x concentrations leads to decrease in O₃ concentrations. Moreover, the O₃ concentrations are more sensitive to NO_x concentrations in the rural region than in the city region. The ratios of Δ[O₃]/Δ[NO_x] are ?2.3 and ?0.25 in the rural and in the city region, respectively. In addition, the measured NO_x and SO₂ concentrations are strongly correlated, highlighting that the NO_x and SO₂ are probably originated from same emission sources. Because SO₂ emissions are significantly originated from coal burnings, the strong correlation between SO₂ and NO_x concentrations suggests that the NO_x emission sources are mostly from coal burned sources. As a result, the future automobile increases could lead to rapid enhancements in O₃ concentrations in the YRD region.     

炼油废水微生物燃料电池启动及影响因素

以炼油废水为碳源,构建双室填料型微生物燃料电池,考察接种液、外接电阻等电池启动条件,以及电导率、pH值和缓冲溶液强度等溶液性质对电池产电性能的影响。利用微生物燃料处理炼油废水,COD去除率(52±4)%,含油量去除率(81.8±3)%;利用废水中存在的原生菌即可启动电池,但启动期长,外加接种液可快速启动电池;启动时外接电阻的大小对电池稳定运行后的输出功率有明显影响,对电池内阻影响相对较小,当启动外接电阻为2 000Ω,电池输出功率最大,为288 mW/m3;随阳极溶液电导率电池增大,电池内阻降低,输出功率升高;pH值变化对电池阳极电势影响较大,进而影响电池输出,当溶液pH为9时,电池输出电压最大(388 mV),pH过高或过低均不利于电池产电;随着缓冲强度的增大,电池输出电压增大,且PBS缓冲强度的增大可从电导率增大和改善质子传递条件两方面提高电池的输出功率。     

能源富集区贸易隐含碳及隐含SO2排放转移——以山西省为例

通过量化地区间碳排放和SO₂排放转移特征,可以较好地了解地区间的碳排放和SO₂排放的来源与去向,从而合理地制定各地区的减排与治理方案。采用多区域投入产出模型,计算2007年和2012年山西省输出和输入的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放情况。结果表明：山西省为隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放输出区,输出的地区主要是江苏、河北、浙江和山东等地,输入的地区主要是河北、山东、内蒙古和河南等地。山西省向其他地区转移的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放主要汇聚于金属冶炼及制品业、建筑业和化学工业等。其他地区向山西省转移的隐含碳和隐含SO₂排放主要集中于建筑业、采选业、金属冶炼及制品业等。基于上述研究结论,提出了一些关键性整改建议与措施。     

Inhibition effect of magnetic field on nitrous oxide emission from sequencing batch reactor treating domestic wastewater at low temperature

This study aims to investigate the effect of a magnetic field on nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission from a sequencing batch reactor treating low-strength domestic wastewater at low temperature(10℃).After running for 124 days in parallel,results indicated that the conversion rate of N_2O for a magnetic field-sequencing batch reactor(MF-SBR) decreased by34.3% compared to that of a conventional SBR(C-SBR).Meanwhile,the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen(TN) and ammonia nitrogen(NH4-N) of the MF-SBR were 22.4% and 39.5% higher than those of the C-SBR.High-throughput sequencing revealed that the abundances of AOB(Nitrosomonas),NOB(Nitrospira) and denitrifiers(Zoogloea),which could reduce N_2O to N_2,were promoted significantly in the MF-SBR.Enzyme activities(Nir) and gene abundances(nos Z nir S and nir K) for denitrification in the MF-SBR were also notably higher compared to C-SBR.Our study shows that application of a magnetic field is a useful approach for inhibiting the generation of N_2O and promoting the nitrogen removal efficiency by affecting the microbial characteristics of sludge in an SBR treating domestic wastewater at low temperature.     

天津市2017年移动源高时空分辨率排放清单

移动源已成为城市地区大气污染的主要贡献源.已有研究多关注道路移动源（机动车）或非道路移动源（工程机械、农业机械、船舶、铁路内燃机车和民航飞机）中单一源类的排放,欠缺对移动源总体排放特征的把握.本研究提出了移动源高时空分辨率排放清单的构建方法,据此建立了天津市2017年移动源排放清单,并分析其排放构成与时空特征.结果表明,天津市移动源CO、VOCs、NO_x和PM₁₀的排放量分别为18.30、6.42、14.99和0.84万t.道路移动源是CO和VOCs的主要贡献源,占比分别为85.38%和86.60%.非道路移动源是NO_x和PM₁₀的主要贡献源,占比分别为57.32%和66.95%.从时间变化来看,移动源所有污染物排放在2月均为最低,CO和VOCs在10月排放最高,而NO_x和PM₁₀则在8月排放最高.节假日（如春节和国庆节等）对移动源排放的时间变化影响显著.从空间分布来看,CO和VOCs排放主要集中于城区和车流量大的公路（高速路和国道）上,NO_x和PM₁₀在城区与港区均具有较高排放强度.污染物的空间分布差异是由其主要贡献源的空间位置决定的.本研究可为天津市大气污染的精细化管控和空气质量模拟提供数据支撑,同时可为其他地区移动源排放清单的建立提供方法参考.     

能源富集区可持续发展水平分析:以山西省为例

该文基于能值-生态足迹模型,计算了山西省2000-2016年人均能值生态承载力与人均能值生态足迹,选择生态赤字/盈余、生态压力指数、生态协调系数和万元GDP生态足迹等指标,定量评估了该区域的可持续发展水平。2000-2016年山西省人均能值生态承载力总体呈现下降趋势;人均能值生态足迹逐年升高;研究期间,山西省一直处于生态赤字状态,生态足迹压力指数逐年升高,生态协调系数逐渐趋近于1,万元GDP生态足迹数值在逐年降低。2000-2016年山西省一直处于经济社会与生态环境不可持续发展状态,山西省因经济社会发展对资源环境造成的压力越来越大,经济发展需求与资源环境的协调性越来越差,但资源利用率却在逐年提高,能源富集区山西省的生态环境可持续发展问题仍然相当严峻。     

岷江干流表层沉积物中磷形态空间分布特征

近些年,岷江水体TP污染情况严重,而水体沉积物这一潜在污染源,对水质安全带来的威胁也不容忽视.为揭示岷江干流表层沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征,于2016年12月,采集了岷江干流(阿坝~宜宾)表层沉积物样品,应用改进的SEDEX法对表层沉积物中的弱吸附态磷Ex-P、可提取态有机磷Org-P、铁结合态磷Fe-P、自生磷灰石磷Ca-P、碎屑磷De-P和非活性磷Res-P等6种磷形态质量浓度进行了测定.结果表明,岷江干流表层沉积物中总磷TP的质量浓度为522.17~979.22μg·g~(-1),已远超全国土壤磷素背景值700μg·g~(-1),表明岷江沉积物中TP浓度较高.从空间分布来看,岷江中游眉山河段中的表层沉积物是颗粒最细、有机质和TP质量浓度最高的区域.岷江干流表层沉积物磷的主要赋存形态为Ca-P和DeP,两者共占TP的质量分数为75%以上.同时,岷江干流表层沉积物中的生物可利用磷(Ex-P、Org-P和Fe-P总和)占TP的质量分数为10.31%~29.62%,其中以中游河段(尤其是眉山段、乐山段)质量浓度最高,这表明岷江中游河段表层沉积物中磷的生物可利用性较强,潜在环境风险较高.