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141.
P. W. Ramteke S. P. Pathak J. W. Bhattacherjee K. Gopal N. Mathur 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,33(1):53-59
One thousand three-hundred and ninety-four drinking water sources comprising ground water, surface water and piped supplies were tested in order to compare the presence-absence (P-A) test with standard MPN method to detect coliforms as indicators of water quality. Out of 1394 samples, 1074 (77.04%) and 1030 (74.88%) were positive by the MPN and P-A test, respectively. The P-A test detected 96% of the positives detected by the MPN test. The P-A test may be effectively used as a rapid screening method to detect coliform contamination in less polluted sources such as ground water and piped supplies. 相似文献
142.
S. P. Pathak S. Kumar P. W. Ramteke R. C. Murthy J. W. Bhattacherjee K. Gopal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,33(2):151-160
A total of 1094 water samples from 326 springs, 207 streams, 183 dug wells, 151 piped supplies, 90 tube wells, 75 hand pumps, 60 rivers and 2 lakes were collected from eight northern and six north-eastern districts of India. Samples were analysed to assess their potability by estimating the level of heavy metals and bacterial (coliform and faecal coliform) contaminations. Iron was found in a maximum number (53%) of water samples from hand pumps, followed by lead in 43% of the tube wells, chromium in 16% of dug wells, cadmium in 13% of streams and manganese in 7% of hand pumps above their maximum admissible concentrations (MACs). Maximum metal pollution has been observed in a considerable number of water samples from Doda, followed by Almora, Mirzapur and Bankura. Hand pump water samples exhibited maximum metal pollution followed by dug well, spring, stream and river water samples. Contamination of coliform and/or faecal coliform bacteria ranged between 41% and 67% of water samples from open water sources but it was also less, i.e. 6–15% of water samples from tube wells and hand pumps. In general, 42–85% of water samples from districts surveyed, except from Jammu (18%) and Mirzapur (27%), were found to be bacteriologically unsatisfactory. Since toxic metals and pathogenic bacteria pose a risk to public health, monitoring of drinking water sources is required. 相似文献
143.
Heavy Metal Uptake By Scirpus Littoralis Schrad. From Fly Ash Dosed and Metal Spiked Soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tanushree Bhattacharya D. K. Banerjee Brij Gopal 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,121(1-3):361-378
Scirpus littoralis is a wetland plant commonly found in Yamuna flood plains of Delhi, India. The ability of Scirpus littoralis to take up and translocate five metals- Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils were studied under waterlogged and field conditions for 90 days. Scirpus littoralis accumulated Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb upto a maximum of 494.92, 56.37, 144.98, 207.95 and 93.08 ppm dry wt., respectively in below ground organs (BO) in 90 days time. The metal content ratios BO/soil (B/S) were higher than shoot/soil ratios (T/S) for all the metals, the highest being for Ni. Metal ratios BO/water (B/W) were also higher than shoot/water (T/W) ratios but the B/W ratio was maximum for Zn. The changes in nutrient status (N, P) in soil water and plants were also studied at interval of 30 days. The Pearson's correlation between metal uptake and N, P uptake were calculated. All the metals except Ni showed negative correlation with nitrogen but they were all non-significant. However, P uptake showed positive correlations with all the metals and all were significant at 1% confidence limit. 相似文献
144.
S. R. Naik Rakesh Aggarwal S. N. Semwal Sanjay Kumar Krishna Gopal P. K. Seth 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1996,43(1):93-99
We studied the quality of water obtained using a new method of tapping underground water seepages by digging shallow water collection chambers in the Almora Hills of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India; quality of this water was compared with that of water obtained using traditional water sources in this region, namely naulas (surface seepages) and springs.Water from both the new and the traditional water sources had an excess of chromium and, in some samples, of iron and lead. Microbiological analysis showed that water from new water sources was safer than that obtained from tradional sources; however, only 40% of the shallow seepages provided water conforming to WHO standards on water quality.We conclude that tapping of underground water seepages may be a useful method of providing potable water to populations living in the hills. However, further improvement is necessary in the maintenance of the clean catchment area and in disposal of waste water from these water sources to ensure water quality. 相似文献
145.
Jain N Bhatia A Kaushik R Kumar S Joshi HC Pathak H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,110(1-3):243-255
Molasses-based distilleries generate large quantities of effluent, which is used for irrigation in many countries including
India. The effluent is rich in organic and inorganic ions, which may leach down and pollute the groundwater. An on-farm experiment
was conducted to assess the impact of long-term irrigation with post-methanation distillery effluent (PMDE) on nitrate, sulphate,
chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium contents in the groundwater of two sites in northwest India. Electrical conductivity
(EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and colour were also determined to assess the chemical
load in the groundwater. Nitrate content in the groundwater samples ranged from 16.95 mg L−1 in the unamended fields to 59.81 mg L−1 in the PMDE-amended fields during the 2-year study (2001–2002). Concentrations of TDS in water samples from tubewell of the
amended field was higher by 40.4% over the tubewell water of the unamended field. Colour of the water samples of the amended
fields was also darker than that of the unamended fields. The study indicated that the organic and inorganic ions added through
the effluent could pose a serious threat to the groundwater quality if applied without proper monitoring. 相似文献
146.
Soil erosion is accelerating in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has threatened the livelihood
of millions of peasants, for agriculture is their economic mainstay. A probe into the forces causing erosion reveals that
the elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and
the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food, fuelwood, and fodder are the two major factors accelerating
soil erosion. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation
of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control the accelerating rate of soil erosion and
thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development.
In this article, the phenomenon “soil erosion” is studied with the sol e focus on causation through anthropogenic factors. 相似文献
147.
Traditionally, uncertainty in parameters are represented as probabilistic distributions and incorporated into groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. With the advent of newer uncertainty theories, it is now understood that stochastic methods cannot properly represent non random uncertainties. In the groundwater flow and contaminant transport equations, uncertainty in some parameters may be random, whereas those of others may be non random. The objective of this paper is to develop a fuzzy-stochastic partial differential equation (FSPDE) model to simulate conditions where both random and non random uncertainties are involved in groundwater flow and solute transport. Three potential solution techniques namely, (a) transforming a probability distribution to a possibility distribution (Method I) then a FSPDE becomes a fuzzy partial differential equation (FPDE), (b) transforming a possibility distribution to a probability distribution (Method II) and then a FSPDE becomes a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE), and (c) the combination of Monte Carlo methods and FPDE solution techniques (Method III) are proposed and compared. The effects of these three methods on the predictive results are investigated by using two case studies. The results show that the predictions obtained from Method II is a specific case of that got from Method I. When an exact probabilistic result is needed, Method II is suggested. As the loss or gain of information during a probability–possibility (or vice versa) transformation cannot be quantified, their influences on the predictive results is not known. Thus, Method III should probably be preferred for risk assessments. 相似文献
148.
Alan J. Domaracki Gopal Sistla Sury N. Putta 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1068-1072
Air parcel trajectories originating from three locations in New York State are calculated for a three year period using the ARL-ATAD long-range transport model. Model output consisting of a trajectory segment's end point longitude and latitude position are analyzed to describe the long-range transport climatology by computing the frequency of occurrence of segment end points terminating over 33 receptor areas comprising east-central North America and a portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Results of the frequency of occurrence data show how often air pollutants emitted at or near the origin may be expected to drift over a specific downwind region. For the New York City airshed, it was found that 26.2% of the trajectories remain over New York State for transport times of 3 h and the frequency decreases to 5.2% after 24 h of transport. Approximately 40% of all trajectories are found to be over the Atlantic Ocean after 3 h of transport. When allowances are made for losses of data over the Atlantic Ocean, up to 64% of all trajectories are over the Atlantic Ocean after 24 h of transport. This frequency of trajectories over the Atlantic Ocean was found to be in agreement with wet and dry deposition modeling results conducted for power plants in New York City. 相似文献
149.
Bhatia A Pathak H Jain N Singh PK Tomer R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3095-3107
Conventional blanket application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer results in more loss of N from soil system and emission of nitrous
oxide, a greenhouse gas (GHG). The leaf color chart (LCC) can be used for real-time N management and synchronizing N application
with crop demand to reduce GHG emission. A 1-year study was carried out to evaluate the impact of conventional and LCC-based
urea application on emission of nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide in a rice–wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains
of India. Treatments consisted of LCC scores of ≤4 and 5 for rice and wheat and were compared with conventional fixed-time
N splitting schedule. The LCC-based urea application reduced nitrous oxide emission in rice and wheat. Application of 120 kg
N per hectare at LCC ≤ 4 decreased nitrous oxide emission by 16% and methane by 11% over the conventional split application
of urea in rice. However, application of N at LCC ≤ 5 increased nitrous oxide emission by 11% over the LCC ≤ 4 treatment in
rice. Wheat reduction of nitrous oxide at LCC ≤ 4 was 18% as compared to the conventional method. Application of LCC-based
N did not affect carbon dioxide emission from soil in rice and wheat. The global warming potential (GWP) were 12,395 and 13,692 kg CO2 ha−1 in LCC ≤ 4 and conventional urea application, respectively. Total carbon fixed in conventional urea application in rice–wheat
system was 4.89 Mg C ha−1 and it increased to 5.54 Mg C ha−1 in LCC-based urea application (LCC ≤ 4). The study showed that LCC-based urea application can reduce GWP of a rice–wheat
system by 10.5%. 相似文献
150.
Saheli Pradhan Indrani Roy Gopal Lodh Prasun Patra Samrat Roy Choudhury Arunava Samanta 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):559-569
This is a report of an experimental study on a nanoencapsulation of the organophosphate acephate. Acephate was encapsulated in polyethylene glycol, using a simple, easy-to-replicate method that required no special equipment or conditions. The nanoencapsulation (nanoacephate) was characterized and its bioefficacy as compared to the regular commercial acephate was tested. The biosafety of the new compound was also tested on a murine model. Our new nanoencapsulation scored over the regular variety on all counts. It was found to successfully incorporate the active pesticidal component, acephate and this compound retained greater functional integrity over time as a nanoencapsulation. It was significantly more efficacious than the regular variety. It was biosafe when tested on murine model. We have reason to believe that this nanoencapsulation would allow the use of an organophosphate in a more targeted manner, thereby making it a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to the regular variety in use now. 相似文献