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941.
湿地植物具有净化水质的特殊功能,研究不同湿地植物群落对生活污水净化效果及机理,对退化湿地的恢复与人工湿地的构建具有重要的理论和现实意义。选取小黑三棱+杉叶藻+荇菜(Com.Sparganium simplex+Hippuris vulgaris+Nymphoidespeltatum)、水葱+睡菜+荇菜(Com.Scirpus validus+Menyanthes trifoliate+Nymphoides peltatum)、菰+荸荠+荇菜(Com.Zizaniacaduciflora+Heleocharis yunnanensis+Nymphoides peltatum)和香蒲+睡菜+眼子菜(Com.Typha przewalskii+Menyanthestrifoliate+Potamogeton distinctus)等4种云南高原常见湖滨湿地植物群落作为实验材料进行水质净化模拟研究。结果表明:供试植物都能较好的适应生活污水环境,各植物全株氮质量分数在12.37~19.55 mg.g-1之间,各群落植物氮累积量为229~269 mg.m-2,对生活污水脱氮贡献率为10.11%~11.21%;各群落对生活污水TN的去除率都在75%以上,均显著高于无植物对照组(P〈0.05),其中水葱+睡菜+荇菜(Scirpus validus+Menyanthes trifoliate+Nymphoides peltatum)群落对生活污水TN去除效果显著优于其他3种群落(P〈0.05),去除率高达(93.79±1.27)%;试验期间,各群落污水N03--N与TN浓度之间显著负相关(r=–0.597,P〈0.05),能很好的揭示氮的去除过程;各群落植物净增生物量与群落TN累积量显著正相关(r=0.953,P〈0.05),表明收割植物可充分发挥湿地植物的脱氮潜力;植物群落能有效增强和促进湿地系统对污水中氮的净化能力,各植物群落对污水TN去除贡献率在29.24%~43.57%之间,群落内植物生长特性及其种间关系是各植物群落水质净化效果存在显著差异的主要原因。 相似文献
942.
Although an understanding of mating systems is thought to be an important component of long-term population management, these
life history characteristics are poorly known in sharks. Here, we employ polymorphic microsatellite markers to test for the
occurrence and prevalence of multiple paternity in a population of the brown smoothhound shark, Mustelus henlei. We analyzed litters from 14 females sampled from the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur. The minimum number of sires ranged
from one to three with an average of 2.3 sires per litter. Regression analyses did not indicate a relationship between female
body size and number of sires, or female body size and size of the litter. A review of the existing literature on genetic
mating systems in sharks suggests that polyandry may be common and that reproductive behavior may have evolved from conflicting
selection pressures between the sexes. 相似文献
943.
Stable isotope ratios of a tropical marine predator: confounding effects of nutritional status during growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Larisa Lee Cruz Rona A. R. McGill Simon J. Goodman Keith C. Hamer 《Marine Biology》2012,159(4):873-880
Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen is frequently used to study the diets and foraging ecology of marine predators.
However, isotopic values may also be affected by an individual’s nutritional status and associated physiological processes.
Here, we use C and N stable isotopes in blood and feathers of blue-footed booby chicks at the Galápagos Islands to examine
how isotopic values are related to body condition and growth rate, and to assess the consistency in the isotope ratios of
individuals during growth. Size dimorphism in blue-footed boobies provided an additional opportunity to examine how isotope
ratios differ between sexes in relation to body size and growth rate. There was no significant difference between sexes but
both C and N stable isotopes were significantly negatively related to the body condition of chicks. These data were consistent
with individual variation in physiological processes affecting fractionation, although we cannot rule out the possibility
that they were also influenced to some extent by population-level variation in the stable isotope ratios of prey fed to chicks,
for instance related to prey size, depth or lipid content. Our results highlight the need for methods that take proper account
of confounding physiological factors in isotopic studies of foraging ecology and diet. 相似文献
944.
Marianne Robert Laurent Dagorn Jean Louis Deneubourg David Itano Kim Holland 《Marine Biology》2012,159(4):907-914
Several lines of evidence indicate that aggregations of yellowfin tuna associated with floating objects are more frequently
composed of small animals than larger ones. Also, the diet of small yellowfin tuna caught at anchored fish aggregating devices
(FADs) around Oahu, Hawaii, was found to shift quite rapidly when these fish reached approximately 50 cm FL. In order to test
for ontogenetic changes in aggregation behavior, we tagged and released two distinct size classes of yellowfin tuna in an
array of anchored FADs around Oahu, Hawaii. Twenty-four yellowfin tuna 30–39 cm FL and 16 yellowfin tuna 63–83 cm FL were
tagged with acoustic transmitters and released near anchored FADs equipped with automated acoustic receivers. Fish in the
smaller size class stayed about 2.5 times longer at individual FADs than the larger fish (mean 4.05 days vs. 1.65 days) and
displayed larger horizontal movements within the array. However, the durations of unassociated phases, residence times in
the entire FAD array, percentage of time spent associated with FADs and numbers of movements between FADs did not show any
difference between the two size groups. The observed size-dependent behavior is discussed in terms of physiological abilities,
diet segregation and anti-predator behavior. 相似文献
945.
Spatiotemporal distribution patterns in relation to feeding behavior of herbivorous gastropods have been studied extensively,
but still knowledge about small-scale patterns is limited in relation to eutrophication. This experimental study aimed to
describe the small-scale distribution of Littorina littorea in nutrient-enriched and nutrient-unenriched mesocosms in a merely atidal region and relate the distribution to food abundance
and possible competing organisms, while checking simultaneously for feeding activities. The latter part was accomplished through
the “gut fluorescence technique” GFT (which, to our knowledge, has not previously been used for benthic grazers) to estimate
per capita grazing rates and the former part through monitoring of spatial heterogeneity of L. littorea and co-variation with sessile organisms (using semivariograms and cross-semivariograms, respectively). After 5 months of
nutrient addition, the abundance and biomass of L. littorea had increased in enriched systems, which also had significantly higher total biomass of green algae. Gut pigment content
was higher in L. littorea from enriched mesocosms, and gut depletion rate was higher in L. littorea from unenriched mesocosms. Spatial analysis showed that L. littorea exhibited generally random patterns (suggesting feeding activities) but sometimes (often in the morning) spatial patchiness
(clumped distribution) in both enriched and unenriched conditions. There was mainly positive co-variation between L. littorea and biofilm, while different nutrient conditions exhibited contrasting co-variation between L. littorea and barnacles (positive co-variation in enriched and negative co-variation in unenriched mesocosms). The study offered insights
into how feeding behavior and spatial distribution of a species may interact with community components differently under different
nutrient regimes. The applied methodology can be useful for purposes of faster examination of grazing effects among different
regions and also to compare grazing intensities and interactions between grazers and the benthic communities in disturbed
(including pollution and nutrient enrichment) and non-disturbed systems, as well as in up-welling versus non-upwelling areas. 相似文献
946.
Michael D. Arendt Albert L. Segars Julia I. Byrd Jessica Boynton J. David Whitaker Lindsey Parker David W. Owens Gaëlle Blanvillain Joseph M. Quattro Mark A. Roberts 《Marine Biology》2012,159(1):101-112
Satellite transmitters were attached to 25 reproductively active and four inactive adult male loggerhead sea turtles (86.6–107.0 cm
SCLmin) captured from the Port Canaveral, FL, USA shipping channel to assess horizontal and vertical distributions. During
the breeding period, male loggerheads aggregated (44% of 755 turtle days) in a 117.6 km2 core area that encompassed the shipping channel. Median dive duration during the breeding period was 27 min (IQR = 15–42
min) and males spent 4% (IQR = 3–5%) of the time at the surface, with significantly shorter dives associated with reproductively
active males. Migrant and resident males dispersed concurrently, with residents shifting > 30 km east across the continental
shelf over a more protracted departure schedule than migrants. Dive duration and time spent at the surface increased through
the fall. Cluster analysis revealed the strongest association for dive duration with sea state during and after the breeding
period, with significantly longer dives during more turbulent conditions. In contrast, univariate associations with surface
interval duration were not elucidated. 相似文献
947.
Sublethal predation can be a significant trophic pathway in sediment communities, and the regeneration of damaged tissue affects
the activity, growth, and reproduction of prey. A field experiment was conducted 12–18 July 2010 in the Tijuana Estuary, California
(+32.56617°, −117.13152°), to measure in situ rates of body growth and palp regeneration of the polychaete Polydora cornuta after simulating sublethal predation by removing 2, 1, or 0 palps from labeled individuals. After 3 days in the field, individuals
that had 2 palps removed grew significantly slower than worms that had 0 palps removed; 1-palp worms had intermediate growth.
After 6 days in the field, rates of body growth were faster than those of worms recovered after 3 days, with similar trends
among the three palp treatments. During the 3-day transplantation, removed palps regenerated to half the initial length of
unmanipulated palps. After 6 days, palp lengths did not differ significantly among treatment groups, indicating complete regeneration.
The regeneration rate of removed palps was significantly faster than the growth rate of undamaged palps, and palp regeneration
rate did not differ significantly between worms that had 1 or 2 palps removed. 相似文献
948.
Human health impacts of exposure to metals through extreme consumption of fish from the Colombian Caribbean Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabio Fuentes-Gandara José Pinedo-Hernández José Marrugo-Negrete Sergi Díez 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(1):229-242
The health risks of metal exposure due to the high consumption of fish were assessed for a riverine population living on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the edible tissues of fish were determined and used for risk assessment. The daily fish consumption of residents (n = 95) was as high as 283, 366 and 469 g/day in children (CH), women of childbearing age (WCHA) and the remaining population groups (RP), respectively. The estimation of the potential risk (HQ) indicated that there was no health risk from most of the metals, because they did not exceed their related reference doses, with values of HQ < 1. Although the concentrations of Pb and Hg were not particularly high in fish (<0.2 µg/g), their possible health effects for vulnerable groups are of great concern due to the extremely high fish intake. The Pb intake for all groups was higher than the lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose for nephrotoxicity and neurodevelopmental effects in children. The weekly intake of methylmercury was also elevated, with values approximately 3, 2 and 1.5 times the provisional tolerable weekly intake for CH, WCHA and RP, respectively. Moreover, higher Hg levels were found in top predators, whereas maximum levels for other metals were found in bottom-feeding fish. This study highlights that an accurate data of daily intake, a continuous monitoring of metals in fish and their related fish consumption advisories to protect subsistence fishing communities are recommended in a local and worldwide context. 相似文献
949.
This study presents the groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan, Iran. In the study area, assessment and measurement of groundwater hydrochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness, major cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and major anions (Cl?, \({\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } ,{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2 - }\) and \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }\)) concentrations were performed. Accordingly, the 66 water samples from different locations were collected during April and May 2015. Water samples collected in the field were analyzed in the laboratory for cations and anions using the standard methods. In this research, the analytical results of physiochemical parameters of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the world health organization (WHO) for drinking and public health purposes. The pH values of groundwater samples varied from 7.05 to 8.95 with a mean of 7.78, indicating a neutral to slightly alkaline water. TDS values showed that 14% of the samples exceeds the desirable limit given by WHO. EC values varied from 213 to 4320 µS/cm, while 23% of the samples were more than the standard limit. Gibbs diagram had shown that 90% of the samples in the study area fall in the rock weathering zone, and this means that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals is the main factor controlling the water chemistry in the study area. Irrigation suitability and risk assessment of groundwater are evaluated by measuring EC, %Na, SAR and RSC. According to the dominant cations and anions, five types of water were identified in the water samples: Ca-HCO3, Ca-SO4, Na-Cl, Na-HCO3 and Na-SO4. The results show that the majority of samples (30 samples, 45%) belongs to the mixed Na-SO4 water type. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis was used to identify the relationship between ions and physicochemical parameters. Results indicated that 18 stations of the study area had the best quality and can be used for irrigation and drinking purposes in the future. 相似文献
950.
Arjumand Riaz Sardar Khan Said Muhammad Caihong Liu Mohammad Tahir Shah Mohsin Tariq 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(2):625-635
This study investigates the mercury (Hg) contaminations in soil and foodstuffs along the artisanal gold mining areas, Gilgit-Baltistan Province, Pakistan. For this purpose, soils were analyzed for Hg concentrations and evaluated for the enrichment/contamination using enrichment factor or contamination factors (CF). The CF values ranged from 18.9 to 153 showed multifold higher levels of Hg contamination as compared to background or reference site. Foodstuffs including vegetables, seeds or grains and fish muscles showed Hg accumulation. Results revealed that Hg concentrations in foodstuffs were higher than the critical human health value set by European Union. The Hg in foodstuffs was consumed and, therefore, evaluated for the risk assessment indices using the daily intake (DI) and health risk index (HRI) for the exposed human population both children and adults. Results of this study revealed that cumulative HRI values through foodstuffs consumption were <1 (within safe limit), but if the current practices continued, then the Hg contamination could pose potential threat to exposed population in near future. 相似文献