环境空气自动监测方法检出限相关问题探讨

探讨了环境空气自动监测中实际评估方法检出限的意义,详细介绍了常规气态污染物自动监测方法检出限的评估方法。并以EC 9850型SO2分析仪为例,说明了环境空气自动监测的测定步骤和方法检出限的计算。     

Landscape ecological security assessment based on projection pursuit in Pearl River Delta

Regional landscape ecological security is an important issue for ecological security, and has a great influence on national security and social sustainable development. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China has experienced rapid economic development and intensive human activities in recent years. This study, based on landscape analysis, provides a method to discover the alteration of character among different landscape types and to understand the landscape ecological security status. Based on remotely sensed products of the Landsat 5 TM images in 1990 and the Landsat 7 ETM+ images in 2005, landscape classification maps of nine cities in the PRD were compiled by implementing Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System technology. Several indices, including aggregation, crush index, landscape shape index, Shannon’s diversity index, landscape fragile index, and landscape security adjacent index, were applied to analyze spatial–temporal characteristics of landscape patterns in the PRD. A landscape ecological security index based on these outcomes was calculated by projection pursuit using genetic algorithm. The landscape ecological security of nine cities in the PRD was thus evaluated. The main results of this research are listed as follows: (1) from 1990 to 2005, the aggregation index, crush index, landscape shape index, and Shannon’s diversity index of nine cities changed little in the PRD, while the landscape fragile index and landscape security adjacent index changed obviously. The landscape fragile index of nine cities showed a decreasing trend; however, the landscape security adjacent index has been increasing; (2) from 1990 to 2005, landscape ecology of the cities of Zhuhai and Huizhou maintained a good security situation. However, there was a relatively low value of ecological security in the cities of Dongguan and Foshan. Except for Foshan and Guangzhou, whose landscape ecological security situation were slightly improved, the cities had reduced values in landscape ecological security, with the most decreased number 0.52 in Zhaoqing. Results of this study offer important information for regional eco-construction and natural resource exploitation.     

Enantioselective aquatic toxicity of current chiral pesticides

Chiral pesticides are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, and their enantioselectivities in aquatic toxicity are known to be complicated. The difference in enantioselective effects between enantiomers may sometimes differ by approximately 100-fold or more, which makes it important to incorporate enantioselective effects into the risk assessment of chiral pesticides. In this paper, we reviewed relevant work on the aquatic toxicity of chiral pesticides with an emphasis on the enantioselective aquatic toxicity under both chronic and acute exposure conditions. We provided a personal account of the importance of studies on molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity and specific endpoints such as vitellogenin, yolk sac edema and pericardial edema in future research. Given the widespread use of chiral pesticides, we suggest that a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of enantioselective aquatic toxicity will be very helpful in improving risk assessment and regulation of chiral pesticides.     

Inexact Fuzzy-Stochastic Programming for Water Resources Management Under Multiple Uncertainties

In this study, an interval-parameter fuzzy-stochastic two-stage programming (IFSTP) approach is developed for irrigation planning within an agriculture system under multiple uncertainties. A concept of the distribution with fuzzy-interval probability (DFIP) is defined to address multiple uncertainties expressed as integration of intervals, fuzzy sets, and probability distributions. IFSTP integrates the interval programming, two-stage stochastic programming, and fuzzy-stochastic programming within a general optimization framework. IFSTP incorporates the pre-regulated water resources management policies directly into its optimization process to analyze various policy scenarios; each scenario has different economic penalty when the promised amounts are not delivered. IFSTP is applied to an irrigation planning in a water resources management system. Solutions from IFSTP provide desired water allocation patterns, which maximize both the system’s benefits and feasibility. The results indicate that reasonable solutions are generated for objective function values and decision variables; thus, a number of decision alternatives can be generated under different levels of stream flows.     

陕北子长县阎家沟黄土滑坡特征及其变形机制

野外调查和钻探资料显示,阎家沟滑坡属大型黄土滑坡,滑坡体为中、晚更新世黄土.在滑坡前缘流水侵蚀坡脚和滑坡体上修建窑洞、梯田、排放生活用水等人类工程活动影响下以及在2002年7月4日连续强降雨的激发下,目前处于不稳定状态,若遇强降雨失稳概率很大.填埋滑坡体裂隙和孔洞、加强地表排水、在滑坡体前缘沟谷修建淤地坝是提高陕北此类滑坡稳定性最为经济有效的措施.     

爆炸物冲击波的人体防护研究

针对爆炸物爆炸冲击波、破片或子弹冲击、高温高压气体热辐射等复杂环境下的人体伤害威胁,本文从人员损伤研究和防护材料研究两方面综述了国内外研究进展,最后为开展人体有效防护研究工作提出了几点建议.     

Recycling MSWI bottom and fly ash as raw materials for Portland cement

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ash is rich in heavy metals and salts. The disposal of MSWI ash without proper treatment may cause serious environmental problems. Recently, the local cement industry in Taiwan has played an important role in the management of solid wastes because it can utilize various kinds of wastes as either fuels or raw materials. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of MSWI ash reuse as a raw material for cement production. The ash was first washed with water and acid to remove the chlorides, which could cause serious corrosion in the cement kiln. Various amounts of pre-washed ash were added to replace the clay component of the raw materials for cement production. The allowable limits of chloride in the fly ash and bottom ash were found to be 1.75% and 3.50% respectively. The results indicate that cement production can be a feasible alternative for MSWI ash management. It is also evident that the addition of either fly ash or bottom ash did not have any effect on the compressive strength of the clinker. Cement products conformed to the Chinese National Standard (CNS) of Type II Portland cement with one exception, the setting time of the clinker was much longer.     

黑藻对铅离子的生物吸附

研究了黑藻对Pb^2＋的生物吸附作用,考察了溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度、黑藻加入量和吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明,溶液pH在2．5～5．0时吸附效果最好,吸附20min基本达到平衡。在溶液pH为4．0、黑藻加入量为2g／L、吸附时间为60min、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度为100mg／L的条件下,黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附量为47．5mg／g。通过元素分析和等温吸附模型对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的机理进行了研究,发现黑藻吸附Pb“是阳离子交换过程,吸附符合Langmuir、Freundlich和D—R等温吸附模型。考察了Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的影响,结果表明,Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的存在不干扰黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附。     

Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China

Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure. We studied the health risks of heavy metals in contaminated food crops irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that there is a substantial buildup of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils, collected from Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils were significantly higher (P相似文献